1650s

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The 1650s decade ran from January 1, 1650, to December 31, 1659.

February 2, 1653: New Amsterdam is incorporated.

Events

1650

January–March[edit]

April–June[edit]

July–September[edit]

October–December[edit]

Date unknown[edit]

1651

January–March[edit]

April–June[edit]

July–September[edit]

October–December[edit]

Date unknown[edit]

1652

January–March[edit]

April–June[edit]

July–September[edit]

October–December[edit]

1653

January–March[edit]

April–June[edit]

July–September[edit]

October–December[edit]

Date unknown[edit]

  • Marcello Malpighi, an Italian pioneer of microscopical anatomy becomes a doctor of medicine.
  • Stephen Bachiler, a clergyman and early advocate for the separation of church and state returns to England after having spent more than 20 years overseas in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
  • The gardens surrounding the Taj Mahal mausoleum are completed at Agra.

1654

January–March[edit]

April–June[edit]

July–September[edit]

October –December[edit]

1655

January–March[edit]

April–June[edit]

July–September[edit]

October –December[edit]

Date unknown[edit]

1656

January–March[edit]

April–June[edit]

July–September[edit]

October–December[edit]

Undated[edit]

1657

January–March[edit]

April–June[edit]

July–September[edit]

October–December[edit]

Date unknown[edit]

1658

January–March[edit]

April–June[edit]

July–September[edit]

October–December[edit]

  • October 7 – The Netherlands enters the Dano-Swedish War to come to the rescue of Denmark, sending a 45-ship fleet from Vlie.
  • October 29 – The 45-ship fleet of the Netherlands arrives at Denmark and begins its counterattack on Sweden's army and navy with three squadrons.
  • November 6 – The Mexican Inquisition carries out the execution, by public burning, of 14 men convicted of homosexuality, while another 109 arrested are either released or given less harsh sentences.
  • November 8 (October 29 old style) – The Battle of the Sound takes place between the navies of the Dutch Republic (with 41 warships) and of Sweden (with 45) at the Øresund, a strait between Denmark and Sweden's newly-acquired territory, the former Danish island of Scania. The Dutch Republic is successful at breaking the Swedish Navy's blockade of Copenhagen, and Sweden is forced to retreat, bringing an end to the attempted conquest of Denmark.
  • November 23 – The elaborate funeral of Lord Protector of England Oliver Cromwell (who had died on September 3 and was buried at Westminster Abbey two weeks later) is carried out in London. A little more than two years later (in January 1661), his body will be disinterred and his head severed and placed on a spike.
  • December 11Abaza Hasan Pasha, an Ottoman provincial governor who is attempting to depose the Grand Vizier, wins a battle at the Turkish city of Ilgin, defeating loyalist forces led by Murtaza Pasha. The victory is the last for the rebels. Two months later (February 16, 1659) Abaza Hasan is assassinated after being invited to peace negotiations by the loyalists.
  • December 20 – Representatives of the Russian Empire and the Swedish Empire sign the Treaty of Valiesar at the Valiesar Estate near Narva, part of modern-day Estonia. In return for ceasing hostilities between the two empires in the Second Northern War, Russia is allowed to keep captured territories in Livonia (part of modern-day Latvia) for a term of three years.
  • December 25 – Polish and Danish forces defeat a Swedish Army in the Battle of Kolding in Denmark.
  • December 30 – The Siege of Toruń ends almost six months after it started, with Poland recapturing the city from Sweden.

Date unknown[edit]

  • Portuguese traders are expelled from Ceylon by Dutch invaders.
  • The Dutch in the Cape Colony start to import slaves from India and South-East Asia (later from Madagascar).

1659

January–March[edit]

April–June[edit]

  • April 22 – Under pressure from the English Army in London, which has assembled troops outside of Westminster, Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, dissolves the Third Protectorate Parliament, the last for the Commonwealth.[81]
  • May 6 – English Army General Hezekiah Haynes, joined by officers Charles Fleetwood, John Lambert, James Berry, Robert Lilburne, Thomas Kelsey, William Goffe and William Packer, presents the manifesto A Declaration of the Officers of the Army, advocating that Lord Protector Cromwell step down after restoring the "Rump Parliament" to administer England. Cromwell restores the parliament rule the next day and decides to step down.[82]
  • May 21 – The Kingdom of France, the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic sign the Concert of The Hague, agreeing a common stance on the Second Northern War.
  • May 25Richard Cromwell resigns as English Lord Protector, submitting "a letter that may have been dictated to him."[83] In the letter, signed by Cromwell in front of Sir Gilbert Pickering and Lord Chief-Justice St. John, "I have perused the Resolve and Declaration, which you were pleased to deliver to me the other Night," and after listing his personal debts to be paid in return for stepping down, "As to that Part of the Resolve, whereby the Committee are to inform themselves, How far I do acquiesce in the Government of this Commonwealth, as it is declared by this Parliament; I trust, my past Carriage hitherto hath manifested my Acquiescence in the Will and Disposition of God; and that I love and value the Peace of this Commonwealth much above my own Concernments: And I desire, that by this, a Measure of my future Deportment may be taken; which, thro' the Assistance of God, shall be such as shall bear the same Witness; having, I hope, in some degree, learned rather to reverence and submit to the Hand of God, than to be unquiet under it: And, as to the late Providences that have fallen out amongst us, however, in respect of the particular Engagements that lay upon me, I could not be active in making a Change in the Government of these Nations, yet through the Goodness of God, I can freely acquiesce in it, being made; and do hold myself obliged."[84] The executive government is replaced by the restored Council of State, dominated by Generals John Lambert, Charles Fleetwood and John Desborough. The Council of State is dismissed by the Rump Parliament on October 13 and replaced by the "Committee of Safety" on October 25.[85]
  • June 10Dara Shikoh, at one time the heir apparent for the Mughal Empire, is betrayed by an Afghan chieftain, Junaid Khan Barozai, who had initially given him refuge from pursuit from the new emperor, Aurangzeb. Turned over to Aurangzeb's men, Dara Shikoh is killed on August 30.
  • June 29 – In the Battle of Konotop, fought near the Ukrainian city of Konotop during the Russo-Polish War, Polish Cossack hetman Ivan Vyhovsky and his allies defeat the armies of the Tsardom of Russia, led by Aleksey Trubetskoy.

July–September[edit]

October–December[edit]

Date unknown[edit]

  • First British colonists arrive on Saint Helena.
  • Spanish Infanta Maria Theresa brings cocoa to Paris.
  • Diego Velázquez's portrait of Infanta Maria Theresa is first exhibited.
  • Thomas Hobbes publishes De Homine.
  • Parisian police raid a monastery, sending monks to prison for eating meat and drinking wine during Lent.
  • Drought occurs in India.[88]
  • Peter Swink, the first known non-white settler to own land in Massachusetts, and first known African to live in Springfield, Massachusetts, arrives. He holds a seat in the town meetings.

Births

1650

John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
William III of England

1651

William Phips
Margaret Theresa of Spain

1652

Samuel Sewall
Princess Elisabeth Charlotte

1653

Prince George of Denmark
Abraham van Riebeeck

1654

Kangxi Emperor
Bernard Nieuwentyt

1655

Pope Innocent XIII
Charles XI of Sweden
Isaac van Hoornbeek

1656

Duchess Johanna Magdalena of Saxe-Altenburg
Jan Frans van Douven
Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark
Edmond Halley

1657

Frederick I of Prussia
Wigerus Vitringa

1658

Mary of Modena

1659

Adriaen van der Werff
Henry Every
Henry Purcell

Deaths

1650

René Descartes
Prince Dorgon

1651

Tokugawa Iemitsu
Philippus Rovenius

1652

Eva Ment
John Cotton

1653

Johan van Galen
Maarten Tromp

1654

Paulus Potter
Emperor Go-Kōmyō

1655

Pope Innocent X
Eustache Le Sueur
Ukita Hideie

1656

Jan van Goyen
John IV of Portugal

1657

Robert Blake
Jacob van Campen

1658

John Cleveland
Witte Corneliszoon de With

1659

Willem Drost
Abel Tasman

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Arnold Houbraken mentioned erroneously 1656 as his birth in the book De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen, but the correct date is 1655.[110]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Battle of Carbisdale (BTL19)". Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  2. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Battle of Dunbar II (BTL7)". Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  3. ^ Frederic Wakeman, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China (University of California Press, 1985) pp. 767–768
  4. ^ A Scholler in Oxford (1651). Newes from the Dead, or a True and Exact Narration of the Miraculous Deliverance of Anne Greene; whereunto are prefixed certain Poems casually written upon that subject. Oxford: printed by Leonard Lichfield for Tho. Robinson. Includes Latin verses by Christopher Wren.
  5. ^ Hughes, J. Trevor (1982). "Miraculous Deliverance of Anne Green: An Oxford Case Of Resuscitation In The Seventeenth Century". British Medical Journal. 285 (6357): 1792–1793. doi:10.1136/bmj.285.6357.1792. JSTOR 29509089. PMC 1500297. PMID 6816370.
  6. ^ Gowing, Laura (2004). "Greene, Anne (c. 1628–1659)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11413. Retrieved March 14, 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  7. ^ "What Were the Largest Cities Throughout History?". Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2006.
  8. ^ George William Cullen Gross, '1651: The Last Coronation in Scotland', Court Historian, 26:3 (December, 2021), p. 231.
  9. ^ Barros Arana, Diego. Historia general de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. Tomo cuarto (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 339.
  10. ^ Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto; Villaroel Carmona, Rafael; Lepe Orellana, Jaime; Fuente-Alba Poblete, J. Miguel; Fuenzalida Helms, Eduardo (1997). Historia militar de Chile (in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Biblioteca Militar. p. 83.
  11. ^ East Frisian History: From 1648 to 1668, Volume 5, ed. by Tileman Dothias Wiarda Winter, 1795 - 453 pages; Page 56ff. Local History and Tourist Association Holtgast e. V., 1795) pages 56ff. accessed on April 8, 2009
  12. ^ Kajaanin kaupunki täyttää tänä vuonna komeat 370 vuotta – juhlitaan kaupunkiamme eri tavoin (in Finnish)
  13. ^ Solano Astaburuaga, Francisco (1899) [1867]. Diccionario Geográfico de la República de Chile (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). p. 280.
  14. ^ Barros Arana, Diego. "Capítulo XIV". Historia general de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. Tomo cuarto (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 340.
  15. ^ "Leviathan and De Cive", by Karl Schuhmann, in Leviathan After 350 Years, ed. by Luc Foisneau (Clarendon Press, 2004) p.17
  16. ^ "Marquis of Montrose Society newsletter June 2010" (PDF). montrose-society.ndo.co.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  17. ^ a b Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 185–186. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  18. ^ "Time and Place". Slavery and the Making of America. Thirteen. 2004. Retrieved 2018-02-24. Rhode Island passes laws restricting slavery and forbidding enslavement for more than 10 years.
  19. ^ Virkkunen, A.H. (1953). Oulun kaupungin historia I [The History of the City of Oulu I] (in Finnish). Kirjola Oy. pp. 128–130.
  20. ^ "The New York Tercentenary: An Exhibition of the History of New Netherland", in by Victor Hugo Paltsits, in Bulletin of the New York Public Library (October, 1926) p.780
  21. ^ Oskar Garstein, Rome and the Counter-Reformation in Scandinavia: The Age of Gustavus Adolphus and Queen Christina of Sweden, 1622-1656 (E. J. Brill, 1992) p. 688
  22. ^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p30
  23. ^ Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, 1648-1840 (Princeton University Press, 1959) p. 59
  24. ^ "The Marais: 'Paris' in the seventeenth century", by Joan Dejean, in The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of Paris, ed. by Anna-Louise Milne (Cambridge University Press, 2013) p. 29
  25. ^ "The Symbolic Role of Calligraphy on Three Imperial Mosques of Shah Jahan", by Wayne E. Begley, in Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India (E. J. Brill, 1981) p. 8
  26. ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  27. ^ "Commonwealth Instrument of Government, 1653". Modern History Sourcebook. New York: Fordham University. August 1998. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
  28. ^ a b c d Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 266. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  29. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Guericke, Otto von" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 670.
  30. ^ Joseph T. Fuhrmann, Tsar Alexis, His Reign and His Russia (Academic International Press, 1981) p. 61
  31. ^ Carlyle, Thomas (ed.), Oliver Cromwell, Letters and Speeches.
  32. ^ Paul Lay, Providence Lost: The Rise and Fall of Cromwell's Protectorate (Head of Zeus Press, 2020)
  33. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 185–186. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  34. ^ "Jews arrive in the New World". American Jewish Archives. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
  35. ^ LeElef, Ner (2001). "World Jewish Population". SimpleToRemember. Retrieved 2012-07-10. Metropolitan Tel Aviv, with 2.5 million Jews, is the world's largest Jewish city. It is followed by New York, with 1.9 million.
  36. ^ Wu, Bin (2014). Britannia 1066–1884: From Medieval Absolutism to the Birth of Freedom under Constitutional Monarchy, Limited Suffrage, and the Rule of Law. Springer. p. 53. ISBN 9783319046839. OCLC 947041435.
  37. ^ Barros Arana, Diego. Historia general de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. 4 (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 349.
  38. ^ Rowen, Herbert Harvey (1978). John de Witt, grand pensionary of Holland, 1625-1672. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. pp. 100–102. ISBN 978-0-691-05247-2. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  39. ^ Goldsmyth, Samll; Radford, James; Jones, David; Hawkins, Peter; Russell, John H. (June 1916). "Colored Freemen as Slave Owners in Virginia". The Journal of Negro History. 1 (3): 234–235. doi:10.2307/3035621. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 3035621. S2CID 149783730. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  40. ^ Lynn, W.T. (1888). "The Discovery of Titan". The Observatory. 11: 338. Bibcode:1888Obs....11..338L. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  41. ^ Authors, Multiple (17 September 2013). "Tunisia". Early Modern Wars 1500–1775. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78274-121-3. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  42. ^ Delbeke, Maarten (2009). ""Custos Montium". A Prophecy on the Election of Alexander VII in Jean Lepautre's Depiction of the Chapel of Notre Dame de la Paix in the Louvre". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte. 72 (3): 369–388. ISSN 0044-2992. JSTOR 40379424. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  43. ^ Oppenheim, Samuel (1909). The Early History of the Jews in New York, 1654-1664: Some New Matter on the Subject. Reprint Services Corporation. pp. 1, 8. ISBN 978-0-7812-5313-0. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  44. ^ Robertson, James (5 May 2005). "Cromwell and the Conquest of Jamaica". History Today. Vol. 55, no. 5. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  45. ^ Schama, Simon (1997). The embarrassment of riches : an interpretation of Dutch culture in the Golden Age. New York : Vintage Books. p. 408. ISBN 978-0-679-78124-0. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  46. ^ Pool, David de Sola (1955). An old faith in the New World; portrait of Shearith Israel, 1654-1954. New York, Columbia University Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780231878159. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  47. ^ BATŪRA, Romas (29 July 2017). "Pamiršta kovos su priešais vieta" (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  48. ^ Kohler, Max J. (1897). "Civil Status of the Jews in Colonial New York". Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society (6): 87. ISSN 0146-5511. JSTOR 43058641. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  49. ^ "The History of the Colony of New Sweden". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 8, no. 2. University of Pennsylvania Press. October 1, 1884. pp. 146–148. JSTOR 20084647. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  50. ^ Milewski, Dariusz (18 May 2011). "Szwedzi w Krakowie - Wiadomości w Onet.pl". onet.pl (in Polish). Wiadomości. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  51. ^ Scott, James Brown (1921). "The Development of Modern Diplomacy: II: Peaceful Settlement of Controversies Between Nations by Means of Arbitration, Congresses, or Judicial Decisions". Advocate of Peace Through Justice. 83 (3): 97. ISSN 2155-7802. JSTOR 20659646. The case was different with the Treaty of Westminster of November 3, 1655, between Cromwell, of the British Commonwealth, on the one hand, and Louis XIV, on the other.
  52. ^ Packer, John William (1969). The Transformation of Anglicanism, 1643-1660: With Special Reference to Henry Hammond. Manchester University Press. p. 41. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  53. ^ Bosher, Robert S. (Robert Semple) (1951). The making of the Restoration settlement : the influence of the Laudians, 1649-1662. Westminster : Dacre Press. pp. 40–41. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  54. ^ Osterman, Nathan (1941). "The Controversy over the Proposed Readmission of the Jews to England (1655)". Jewish Social Studies. 3 (3): 301–303. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR 4464425. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  55. ^ Dabrowski, Patrice M. (1 October 2014). Poland: The First Thousand Years. Cornell University Press. pp. 203–204. ISBN 978-1-5017-5740-2. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  56. ^ Bellis, Mary. "History of the Wheelchair". thoughtco.com. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  57. ^ Koerth-Baker, Maggie (February 2, 2009). "Who Invented the Wheelchair?". mentalfloss.com. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  58. ^ "History of Wheelchairs". wheelchair-information.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  59. ^ Mourtis, E.V.M. (December 14, 2016). "Introduction". Een kamer gevuld met de mooiste boeken : de bibliotheek van Johannes Thysius (1622-1653) (PhD) (in Dutch). Vantilt. p. 11. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  60. ^ Tuinstra, Willemijn (2019). "The Calvinist Connection". Conscience & Connections. Marcellus Franckheim (1587-1644) and his contacts in the Habsburg World at the eve of the Thirty Years War (MA). p. 10. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  61. ^ Savona-Ventura, Charles (2015). Knight Hospitaller Medicine in Malta [1530–1798]. Self-published. pp. 224–225. ISBN 9781326482220.
  62. ^ Wylie, Jonathan (1987). The Faroe Islands : interpretations of history. University Press of Kentucky. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8131-1578-8. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  63. ^ "Clocks and Watches: THe Leap to Precision", by William J.H. Andrewes, in Encyclopedia of Time, ed. by Samuel L. Macey (Routledge, 2013) p. 124
  64. ^ Eisinger, J. (July 1982). "Lead and wine: Eberhard Gockel and the colica Pictonum". Medical History. 26 (3): 279–302. doi:10.1017/s0025727300041508. ISSN 0025-7273. PMC 1139187. PMID 6750289.
  65. ^ Risse, Guenter B. (2005). New Medical Challenges During the Scottish Enlightenment. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 207. ISBN 90-420-1814-3. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
  66. ^ Rosen, George (1943). The History of Miners' Diseases: a medical and social interpretation (book preview). Schuman's. p. 10. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
  67. ^ a b c "1657". British Civil Wars. Commonwealth and Protectorate 1638-60. 2010-06-07. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
  68. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 187–188. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  69. ^ Morrill, John (2004). "Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6765. Retrieved 2012-02-17. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  70. ^ Blusse, Leonard; Vaillé, Cynthia (2005). The Deshima Dagregisters, Volume XII 1650-1660. Leiden.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  71. ^ a b Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 267–268. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  72. ^ Urofsky, Melvin I. (2022). "American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust". The SHAFR Guide Online. Brill. doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim110060068.
  73. ^ "Chocolate Arrives in England". Cadbury. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
  74. ^ Ukers, William H. (1935). All About Tea. Vol. I. New York: The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal. p. 38.
  75. ^ Mair, Victor H.; Hoh, Erling (2009). The True History of Tea. London; New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-500-25146-1.
  76. ^ "killing". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  77. ^ Brems, Hans (June 1970). "Sweden: From Great Power to Welfare State". Journal of Economic Issues. 4 (2, 3). Association for Evolutionary Economics: 1–16. doi:10.1080/00213624.1970.11502941. JSTOR 4224039. A swift and brilliantly conceived march from Holstein across the frozen Danish waters on Copenhagen, by Karl X Gustav in 1658, finally wrests Bohuslin, Sk'ane, and Blekinge from Denmark-Norway. Denmark no longer controls both sides of Oresund, and Swedish power is at its peak.
  78. ^ Luis de Menezes, Historia de Portugal Restaurado, Volume III (Joseph Filippe Publishing, 1759) p. 229
  79. ^ a b Craig A. Monson, The Black Widows of the Eternal City: The True Story of Rome’s Most Infamous Poisoners (University of Michigan Press, 2020)
  80. ^ On display at Westminster Abbey.
  81. ^ Henry Reece, The Army in Cromwellian England, 1649-1660 (Oxford University Press, 2013) p. 174
  82. ^ David Farr, Major-General Hezekiah Haynes and the Failure of Oliver Cromwell’s Godly Revolution, 1594–1704 (Taylor & Francis, 2020)
  83. ^ "Richard Cromwell Resigns as Lord Protector: The Lord Protector stood down on May 25th, 1659", by Richard Cavendish, History Today, May 5, 2009
  84. ^ "Richard Cromwell's Renunciation", House of Commons Journal (25 May 1659), pp. 664-665, British History Online
  85. ^ Timothy Venning, Compendium of British Office Holders (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) p. 77
  86. ^ Robert D. Huerta (2003). Giants of Delft: Johannes Vermeer and the Natural Philosophers : the Parallel Search for Knowledge During the Age of Discovery. Bucknell University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8387-5538-9.
  87. ^ James Atkinson, Tracts Relating to the Civil War in Cheshire, 1641–1659; including Sir George Booth's rising in that county (The Chetham Society, 1909) pp. 167-172
  88. ^ Khadg Singh Valdiya (2004). Coping with Natural Hazards: Indian Context. Orient Blackswan. p. 219. ISBN 978-81-250-2735-5.
  89. ^ Hastie, Roy (1987). Nell Gwyn. London: R. Hale. p. 15. ISBN 9780709030997.
  90. ^ Chandler, David (1979). Marlborough as military commander. London: Batsford. p. 7. ISBN 9780713420753.
  91. ^ Claydon, Tony (2014). William III. London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis. p. 9. ISBN 9781317876830.
  92. ^ "Samuel Sewall | British colonial merchant | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  93. ^ "Clement XII | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  94. ^ Lang, Harry G.; Meath-Lang, Bonnie (1995). Deaf Persons in the Arts and Sciences: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-313-29170-8.
  95. ^ "Thomas Pitt | British merchant". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  96. ^ McReynolds, Paul; Ludwig, Klaus (September 1984). "Christian Thomasius and the Origin of Psychological Rating Scales". Isis. 75 (3): 546–553. doi:10.1086/353573. ISSN 0021-1753. PMID 6389428. S2CID 32584049.
  97. ^ "John Coney". www.americansilversmiths.org. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  98. ^ "Eleonore Magdalena (Theresia) von Pfalz-Neuburg (1655 – 1720)" (PDF). www.pfalzneuburg.de (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 22 March 2022. Eleonore Magdalena Theresia wird am 6. Januar 1655 als ältestes Kind (von insgesamt 17 Kindern, 9 Knaben, 8Mädchen) des Neuburger Pfalzgrafen und Herzogs Philipp Wilhelm und seiner 2.
  99. ^ "SERGISON, Charles (1655-1732), of Cuckfield Park, Suss". History of Parliament.
  100. ^ Broglie, Emmanuel (1891). La société de l'abbaye de Saint-Germain des Prés au dixhuitième siècle. Bernard de Montfaucon et les Bernardins, 1715-1750 (in French). Paris, E. Plon, Nourrit. p. 305. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  101. ^ Hummel, Arthur W. (2018). "SINGDE". Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period. United States Government Printing Office. ISBN 9781614720331. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  102. ^ Green, Richard C. (2003). "Molinari, Antonio". Grove Art Online. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T058911. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  103. ^ Aereboe, Rasmus (1889). Notarius publicus Rasmus Aereboes autobiografi (1685-1744) (in Danish). Gyldendal. p. 86. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  104. ^ Bunel, Arnaud. "Archevêques de Toulouse - Henri de Nesmond". Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  105. ^ "William Tangier Smith". www.nycourts.gov. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  106. ^ Lancaster, Henry Carrington (1966). A history of French dramatic literature in the seventeenth century. --. Vol. 2. New York, United States: Gordian Press. p. 731. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  107. ^ Olmos, José María de Francisco; Bautista, Antonio Carpallo (2017). "Estudio de las encuadernaciones de Jacques-Nicolas Colbert depositadas en la Biblioteca Complutense". Revista General de Información y Documentación (in Spanish). 27 (2): 559. doi:10.5209/RGID.58208. ISSN 1988-2858. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  108. ^ Hübners, Johann (1708). Johann Hübners, Rectoris des Fürstlichen Gymnasii zu Merseburg, Drey hundert und drey und dreyßig Genealogische Tabellen. Germany. p. 170. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  109. ^ Waller, François Gerard (1974). Biographisch woordenboek van noord Nederlandsche graveurs. Amsterdam : B.M. Israël. p. 229. ISBN 978-90-6078-070-1. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  110. ^ Eric Jan, Sluijter (1988). Leidse fijnschilders : van Gerrit Dou tot Frans van Mieris de Jonge 1630-1760. Zwolle. pp. 182–185. ISBN 9789066301412.
  111. ^ Beer, Johann; Russell, John Raymond. German Winter Nights. Camden House. p. VII. ISBN 978-1-57113-195-9. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  112. ^ Frangi, Francesco (2000). "GHISLANDI, Vittore, known as Fra Galgario". Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian). Vol. 54. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  113. ^ Heiberg, Steffen (July 18, 2011). "Frederik Krag". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish). Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  114. ^ "Richard HILL". venn.lib.cam.uk. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  115. ^ Pink, William (1891). Notes on the Middleton family of Denbighshire & London. Chester, England: Chester Courant. p. 28. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  116. ^ Ripley, George; Anderson Dana, Charles (1879). "Baden-Baden, Ludwig Wilhelm I.". The American Cyclopædia. Vol. 2. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  117. ^ "ST. LOE, George (1655-1718), of Covent Garden, London". History of Parliament. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  118. ^ Owen, Hugh (1990). The Lowther family : eight hundred years of a family of ancient gentry and worship. Sussex, England: Phillimore & Co. p. 197. ISBN 0-85033-721-6. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  119. ^ Pollens, Stewart (3 August 2017). Bartolomeo Cristofori and the Invention of the Piano. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-108-16166-4. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  120. ^ "Innocent XIII | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  121. ^ "Jacques Eléonor.0 Rouxel". roglo.eu. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  122. ^ "Tommaso da Cori (1655-1729) - biography". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  123. ^ Human, Rudolf Armin (1886). Chronik der Stadt Hildburghausen (in German). p. 190. ISBN 9781168163332. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  124. ^ "Deutsche Biographie - Dientzenhofer, Christoph von". 23 February 2015. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  125. ^ Greaves, Richard L. (2004). "Grey, Ford, earl of Tankerville (bap. 1655, d. 1701), conspirator and politician". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11531. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 10 April 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  126. ^ "Klarinette - Die Geburt der Königin des guten Tons". Deutschlandfunk Kultur (in German).
  127. ^ "James Collett". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian Bokmål). 25 November 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  128. ^ "Biography – ROBINAU DE VILLEBON, JOSEPH – Volume I (1000-1700) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". www.biographi.ca. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  129. ^ "JOHNSTON, James (1655-1737), of Orleans House, Twickenham, Mdx". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  130. ^ La Province du Maine (in French). Maine, France. 1908. p. 182. Retrieved 17 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  131. ^ Muller, Claude (1 September 2006). "Diplomatie et religion en Alsace au temps du cardinal de Fleury (1726-1743)". Revue d'Alsace (in French) (132): 129–173. doi:10.4000/alsace.1529. ISSN 0181-0448. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  132. ^ "BARONETAGE". Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  133. ^ "Germany, Lutheran Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials, 1500-1971". familysearch.org (in German). Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  134. ^ Stolberg-Wernigerode, Otto Zu (1987). "Lothar Friedrich v. Mainz - Lothar Franz v. Mainz". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 15. Germany. p. 227. Retrieved 19 April 2022.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  135. ^ "NEVILLE, Richard (1655-1717)". History of Parliament. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  136. ^ "Fabio BRULART de SILLERY". Académie Française. 1 July 2008. Archived from the original on 1 July 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  137. ^ "Courland, Ferdinand Hzg. v. (1655-1737)". Baltischen Biographischen Lexikon Digital (in German). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  138. ^ "LASCELLES, Daniel (1655-1734), of Stank Hall, Kirby Sigston, Yorks". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  139. ^ "Restout, Eustache". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00151314. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  140. ^ "Biography – NICHOLSON, FRANCIS – Volume II (1701-1740) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". www.biographi.ca. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  141. ^ Coltellacci, Stefano (2000). "GHERARDINI, Alessandro". Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian). Vol. 53. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  142. ^ "NORBORNE, Walter (1655-84), of Castle House, Calne, Wilts". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  143. ^ "ROBINSON, Sir William, 1st Bt. (1655-1736), of Newby, Yorks". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  144. ^ Handley, Stuart (2004). "Grosvenor, Sir Thomas, third baronet". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11674. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 24 April 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  145. ^ "Karl XI". Enzyklopädie Brockhaus (in German). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  146. ^ "3.01.20 Inventaris van het archief van Isaak van Hoornbeek, 1720-1727". Nationaal Archief (in Dutch). p. 9. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  147. ^ Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. 3. Vol. 2. Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. 1902. p. 333. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  148. ^ Stephen, Leslie (1889). Dictionary Of National Biography Vol.18 (18 ed.). Smith, Elder & Co. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-19-861368-8. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  149. ^ "Hessen-Philippsthal, Philipp Landgraf von". www.lagis-hessen.de (in German). Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  150. ^ "Sir Abstrupus Danby, Of an Ancient Yorkshire Family - Twickenham Museum". www.twickenham-museum.org.uk. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  151. ^ Edward, George (1910). The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom : extant, extinct, or dormant. London : The St. Catherine Press, ltd. p. 366. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  152. ^ "WATSON, Hon. Lewis (1655-1724), of Rockingham Castle, Northants". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  153. ^ Smulewicz-Zucker, Gregory R. (20 April 2009). "Zumbi (ca. 1655-1695)". The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp1653. ISBN 9781405198073. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  154. ^ Shipley, John (2 March 2015). The Little Book of Shropshire. History Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7509-6342-8.
  155. ^ "Nicolas Coustou | French sculptor | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  156. ^ Åkerman, Susanna (1991). Queen Christina of Sweden and her circle : the transformation of a seventeenth-century philosophical libertine. Leiden New York: E.J. Brill. p. 50. ISBN 9789004246706.
  157. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainBradley, Emily Tennyson (1893). "Levinz, Robert". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 33. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 161.
  158. ^ "Inigo Jones | English architect and artist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  159. ^ Wille, Jakob (1884). Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German) (19 ed.). Duncker & Humblot. p. 580. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  160. ^ "Death of the Pope". www.csun.edu. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  161. ^ Biaudet, Henry (1910). Les nonciatures apostoliques permanentes jusqu'en 1648. Suomalainen tiedeakatemia. p. 259. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  162. ^ "Biographisches Lexikon für Schleswig-Holstein and Lübec" (PDF). BioLex Digital (in German). Wachholtz. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  163. ^ Becker-Cantarino, Barbara (1978). Daniel Heinsius. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8057-6318-8. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  164. ^ Benzoni, Gino (2011). "MOLIN, Francesco". Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian). Vol. 75. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  165. ^ Schattkowsky, Martina (2003). Witwenschaft in der frühen Neuzeit: fürstliche und adlige Witwen zwischen Fremd- und Selbstbestimmung (in German). Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 312. ISBN 978-3-936522-79-2. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  166. ^ Cokayne, George E. (1910). The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom : extant, extinct, or dormant. The St. Catherine Press, ltd. p. 310. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  167. ^ Perrault, Charles (1700). Des hommes illustres qui ont paru en France pendant ce siècle, avec leurs portraits au naturel (in French) (2 ed.). A. Dezallier. p. 76. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  168. ^ Schreiber, Felix (1913). Der Nurnberger Organist Johannes Erasmus Kindermann (1616-1655) (in German). Druck von Breitkopf & Härtel. p. XXXIV. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  169. ^ "Cornelis Schut". Archive of Fine Arts. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  170. ^ "Le Sueur, Eustache". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00108538. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  171. ^ "Harmar-Hawtayne". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  172. ^ Peirce, Ebenezer Weaver (1881). Peirce's Colonial Lists: Civil, Military and Professional Lists of Plymouth and Rhode Island Colonies, Comprising Colonial, County and Town Officers, Clergymen, Physicians and Lawyers. A. Williams & Company. p. 6. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  173. ^ "Margarita de Saboya". Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  174. ^ Semenov, Ilʹi︠a︡ Semenovich (2002). Семенов И. С. Христианские династии Европы (in Russian). ОЛМА Медиа Групп. p. 198. ISBN 978-5-224-02516-9. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  175. ^ "Archbishop Jacques Boonen". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  176. ^ Passeri, Giovanni Battista; Baglione, Giovanni; Bianconi, Giovanni Lodovico; Bottari, Giovanni Gaetano (1772). Vite de' pittori, scultori ed architetti, che anno lavorato in Roma : morti dal 1641 fino al 1673 (in Italian). Rome, Italy: Presso Gregorio Settari. p. 222. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  177. ^ Richardson, Isobel (1935). "Life of Cyrano de Bergerac". Cyrano de Bergerac, Precursor of the Eighteenth Century Spirit (M.A.). Fordham University. p. 5. ProQuest 2491954886. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  178. ^ Biographie, Deutsche. "Staden, Sigismund Theophil". www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  179. ^ "Alfonso Cardinal de la Cueva-Benavides y Mendoza-Carrillo [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  180. ^ Pellisson-Fontanier, Paul (1729). Histoire de l'Academie françoise .... [T. 1], Depuis son établissement jusqu'à 1652. Par M. Pellisson. Avec des remarques et des additions (in French). Jean-Baptiste Coignard fils. p. 304. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  181. ^ "Hessen-Eschwege, Friedrich Landgraf von". www.lagis-hessen.de (in German). Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  182. ^ Venn, John. Alumni cantabrigienses; a biographical list of all known students, graduates and holders of office at the University of Cambridge, from the earliest times to 1900. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 162. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  183. ^ "Möller, Arnold". data.cerl.org. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  184. ^ "DELMEDIGO, JOSEPH SOLOMON". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  185. ^ Wille, Jakob (1884). Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German) (19 ed.). Duncker & Humblot. p. 696. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  186. ^ Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas; Bracher, Katherine; Jarrell, Richard; Marché, Jordan D.; Ragep, F. Jamil (18 September 2007). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 408. ISBN 978-0-387-30400-7. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  187. ^ Genealogy
  188. ^ Wurzbach, Constantin von (1858). Biographisches Lexikon des Kaisertums Österreich (in German). p. 299. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  189. ^ "Innocenzo da Caltagirone (1589-1655) (N. Prot. 1674)". Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum (in Italian). January 7, 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  190. ^ "Oade-Oxwick". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  191. ^ "宇喜多秀家とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  192. ^ Gjeruldsen, Ole H. (25 February 2020). "Gregers Krabbe". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  193. ^ "Wray, John". venn.lib.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  194. ^ Diagne, Léon Sobel, « Le problème de la philosophie africaine » (2004), p. 10 (archived by French Wikipedia) [1]
  195. ^ Kocc Barma Fall disait… [in] Au Senegal (26 Sep 2013) [2]
  196. ^ Anselment, Raymond (2004). "Lovelace, Richard (1617–1657)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17056. Retrieved 30 July 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  197. ^ "BBC - History - William Harvey". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 26 October 2020.