2023 in climate change

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

List of years in climate change
+...

This article documents events, research findings, scientific and technological advances, and human actions to measure, predict, mitigate, and adapt to the effects of global warming and climate change—during the year 2023.

Summaries[edit]

2023 saw the highest global average surface temperature in recorded history.[1]
Global boiling has arrived

     Climate change is here. It is terrifying. And it is just the beginning. The era of global warming has ended; the era of global boiling has arrived.

António Guterres, U.N. Secretary-General[2]
27 July 2023

Schematic overview on the central role of the Earth heat inventory and its linkages.[3]
  • 6 February: U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres said "I have a special message for fossil fuel producers and their enablers scrambling to expand production and raking in monster profits: If you cannot set a credible course for net-zero, with 2025 and 2030 targets covering all your operations, you should not be in business."[4]
  • 20 March – The final synthesis of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report is published. It summarises the state of knowledge relating to climate change with assessed levels of confidence. Conclusions in the summary for contemporary policy-makers include that the extent to which both current and future generations will be impacted depends on choices now and in the near-term, with "high confidence" that policies implemented by the end of 2020 are "projected to result in higher global GHG emissions in 2030 than emissions implied by NDCs" and would fail to meet global climate goals.[5]
  • 6 September: U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres said "Our planet has just endured a season of simmering — the hottest summer on record. Climate breakdown has begun."[6]
  • 24 October: BioScience's "2023 state of the climate report" stated that "we must shift our perspective on the climate emergency from being just an isolated environmental issue to a systemic, existential threat".[7]
  • 27 December: Inside Climate News summarized the year: "The push and pull of progress and catastrophe made 2023 one of the most discordant—and consequential—years for the world’s climate. ... In 2023, clean energy progress and the horrors of a radically warming climate fought almost to a draw."[8]

Measurements and statistics[edit]

"Vital Signs of the Planet" as presented by NASA on 31 December 2023[9]
  • 3 January: the National Snow and Ice Data Center reported that Antarctic sea ice extent stood at the lowest in the 45-year satellite record—more than 500,000 square kilometers (193,000 square miles) below the previous record (2018), with four of the five lowest years for the last half of December having occurred since 2016.[10]
  • 26 January: Bloomberg NEF's "Energy Transition Investment Trends" report estimated that, for the first time, energy transition investment matched global fossil fuel investment—$1.1 trillion in 2022, including China with $546 billion, the US with $141 billion, and the EU if treated as a bloc, $180 billion.[11]
  • 3 April: An unexplained rise of emissions of five chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), successfully banned by the Montreal Protocol of 1989, is reported in Nature Geoscience. Their climate impact in 2020 is roughly equivalent to that of the CO2e from Denmark in 2018.[12][13]
  • Reported 10 May: Drax Electric Insights reported that in the first three months of 2023, Britain's wind turbines generated more electricity (32.4%) than gas-fired power stations (31.7%) for the first time.[14]
  • 18 May: a study published in Science reported that more than 50% of freshwater lakes and reservoirs lost volume from 1992 to 2020.[15]
2023's June-July-August season was the warmest on record globally by a large margin, as El Niño conditions continued to develop.[16]
September 2023 was the warmest September on record globally, with an average surface air temperature 0.5 °C above the temperature of the previous warmest September (2020).[17]
  • 31 May: an international study in Nature, using modelling and literature assessment, codifies, integrates into and quantifies "safe and just Earth system boundaries" (ESBs) with the context of Earth system stability and minimization of human harm. They expand upon earlier boundary frameworks by incorporating concepts such as intra- and intergenerational justice, propose that their framework may better enable a quantitative foundation for safeguarding the global commons, and report many of the ESBs are already exceeded.[18]
  • 15 June: the Copernicus Climate Change Service said that for 11 days, global surface air temperatures had risen to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels for the first time—the limit aspired to in the 2015 Paris Agreement—the rise occurring near the beginning of an El Niño warming phase.[19]
  • 24 July: the National Data Buoy Center recorded an unprecedented temperature of 101.1 °F (38.4 °C) at a depth of 5 feet (1.5 m) in Florida Bay, Florida, US, raising concerns about catastrophic coral bleaching.[20]
  • 8 August: in coastal Iran, the heat index reached 70 °C (158 °F).[21]
  • 29 August: an International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) publication stated that ~86% (187 GW) of renewable capacity added in 2022 had lower costs than electricity generated from fossil fuels.[22]
  • 31 August: an article in Geophysical Research Letters reported a March 2022 "unprecedented heatwave" in the Antarctic reaching 39 °C (70 °F) above average—the largest temperature anomaly ever recorded globally—attributed 2 °C of the increase to global warming, and projected possible heatwaves of an additional 5–6 °C (9.0–10.8 °F) warmer by 2100.[23]
  • 29 September: a study published in Nature Communications estimated the global costs of extreme weather attributable to climate change in the last twenty years to be US$143 billion per year, 63% of which is due to human loss of life.[24]
  • 19 October: a study published in Scientific Reports said that the number of North Atlantic tropical cyclones that intensify from a Category 1 into a major hurricane within 36 hours, has more than doubled from 1971-1990 to 2001-2020.[25]
  • 20 November: the Copernicus European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reported that 17 November was the first day that the global average surface temperature exceeded pre-industrial levels by more than 2°C.[26]
  • 29 November: a study published in The BMJ concluded that about 5.13 million excess deaths per year globally are attributable to ambient air pollution from fossil fuel use.[27]
Fossil CO2 emissions by source of continued CO2 rise
  • 5 December: the annual Global Carbon Budget study finds fossil CO2 emissions are still rising when if they stayed the same, the 50% likelihood to limit global warming to 1.5 °C would be exceeded around 2031.[28][29]

Natural events and phenomena[edit]

  • 7 February: a study published in Nature Communications concluded that 15 million people globally are exposed to impacts from potential glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), more than half being from India, Pakistan, Peru, and China.[30] Climate change has intensified glacial ice melt and expanded glacial lakes.[30]
  • 13 February: a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reported that increasing abundance of a thermotolerant symbiotic alga hosted by corals has facilitated maintenance of high coral cover after three mass coral bleaching events, suggesting that future reefs might maintain high cover for several decades, albeit with low diversity and provided that other stressors are minimized.[31]
  • 2 March: a study published in Science said that boreal fires, typically accounting for 10% of global fire CO2 emissions, contributed 23% in 2021, by far the highest fraction since 2000.[32] 2021 was an abnormal year because North American and Eurasian boreal forests synchronously experienced their greatest water deficit.[32]
  • 13 March: a study published in Nature Water found that total intensity of extreme events (droughts and pluvials (rainfall events)) is strongly correlated with global mean temperature, and concluded that continued warming of the planet will cause more frequent, more severe, longer and/or larger of such extreme events, and that "distortion of the water cycle... will be among the most conspicuous consequences of climate change".[33]
  • 15 February: Two joint studies by the British Antarctic Survey and the US Antarctic programme finds that glaciers on the icy continent may be more sensitive to changes in sea temperature than previously thought. Researchers used sensors and an underwater robot beneath the Thwaites glacier to study melting.[34][35][36] One day earlier, a new record low Antarctic sea ice extent is reported by the National Snow and Ice Data Center in the US, beating the previous record set a year earlier.[37][38]
  • 29 March: a study published in Nature concluded that under a high-emissions scenario, abyssal warming is set to accelerate over the next 30 years, and that meltwater input around Antarctica drives a contraction of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), opening a pathway that allows warm circumpolar deep water greater access to the continental shelf and results in warming and aging of the abyssal ocean.[39] The study described the "critical importance of Antarctic meltwater in setting the abyssal ocean overturning, with implications for global ocean biogeochemistry and climate that could last for centuries".[39] On 25 May, observational evidence for problematic fast slowdown of the Antarctic bottom water current is presented in Nature Climate Change.[40]
  • 7 April: citing reduced air density caused by global warming, a study published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society estimated global warming has enabled more than 500 excess home runs in Major League Baseball since 2010, and projected hundreds more in this century, explaining that "even the elite billion-dollar sports industry is vulnerable to unexpected impacts" of global warming.[41]
  • 5 June: a study published in Current Biology estimated that fungi can fix (remove from the atmosphere) the equivalent of ~36% of global fossil fuel Greenhouse gas emissions.[42]
  • 8 June: NOAA published an "ENSO update" declaring that "El Niño is here", estimating the odds of it becoming a strong event (56%), at least a moderate event (84%), and "fizzling out" (4-7%).[43]
Reporting on the reduced Antarctic sea ice extent in mid 2023, researchers concluded that a "regime shift" may be taking place "in which previously important relationships no longer dominate sea ice variability".[44]
The area burned by the 2023 Canadian wildfires was more than twice that of any prior year of record.[45]
  • 11 June: Fluchthorn, a mountain between Switzerland and Austria, experienced a landslide of 3,500,000 cubic feet (99,000 m3) and a loss of 60 feet (18 m) in height, that has been attributed to melting of permafrost.[46]
  • 20 June (reported): the Panama Canal is experiencing its lowest rainfall since inception, lowering water levels and requiring restrictions for some vessels to limit their cargo by about 25% to maintain a safe draft and avoid running aground.[47]
  • 4 July: the WMO formally declared "onset of El Niño conditions", projecting it to be "at least of moderate strength".[48]
  • 11 July: a study of Chicago structures published in Communications Engineering found that in urban settings, subsurface heat islands caused by global warming cause significant deformations and displacements that may be "incompatible with the operational requirements of civil structures".[49]
  • 28 July: Yale Environment 360 reported that, adding to ongoing climate change's dominant warming influence, additional factors contributing to current temperature increases include: (1) 2022 eruption of an underwater volcano near Tonga, vaporizing large amounts of sea water and contributing an estimated 0.03 °C (0.054 °F) of warming, (2) solar radiance increasing towards its ~2025 11-year peak when it may contribute 0.05 °C (0.090 °F) of warming, and (3) the Pacific Ocean entering its El Niño phase, projected to contribute 0.14 °C (0.25 °F) of warming.[50]
  • 23 August (reported): the Panama Canal experienced an unprecedented dry season causing a decline in water levels and prompting canal administrators to limit daily vessel passages from 36 to 32, and forcing some ships to carry up to 40% less cargo to avoid hitting the bottom.[51]
  • 24 August: a study published in Nature Communications concluded that tropical cyclone rapid intensification (RI) events in offshore areas within 400 kilometres (250 mi) of coastlines, tripled in frequency from 1980 to 2020.[52]
  • 8 September (date of report): for the first time in recorded history, all seven tropical ocean basins saw cyclones/hurricanes reach Category 5 strength in the same year.[53]
  • 13 September: a study published in Communications Earth & Environment concluded that, while for many years Antarctic sea ice had increased, from recent record lows in Antarctic sea ice coverage "it appears that we may now be seeing the inevitable decline, long projected by climate models", and that a "regime shift" may be taking place "in which previously important relationships no longer dominate sea ice variability".[44]
  • 13 September: a study published in Science Advances indicated that six of the nine "planetary boundaries"—delimiting the "safe operating space"—had been exceeded.[54] Carbon dioxide concentration and radiative forcing were among the boundaries that had been exceeded.[54]
  • 27 September: studying tropical cyclones from 1981–2017, a study published in Nature found that cyclones formed almost two weeks sooner, on average, which authors said was "closely related to the seasonal advance of rapid intensification events".[55] The time advance shifts cyclones from autumn into summer, increasing overlap with the peak rainfall season.[55]
  • 6 December: a study published in Nature Geoscience said that marine methane hydrate—an ice-like substance found in sediment beneath water depths greater than ~450–700 m—can vent into the ocean to such a degree that it should considered for estimating climate change-induced release of methane, a greenhouse gas.[56]

Actions and goal statements[edit]

Science and technology[edit]

Political, economic, legal, and cultural actions[edit]

Phasedown of fossil fuels

     The phasedown of fossil fuels is inevitable. The speed at which this happens depends on how quickly we can phase up zero carbon alternatives, while ensuring energy security, accessibility and affordability.

Sultan Ahmed al-Jaber, COP28 President
and CEO of Abu Dhabi National Oil Company[66]
June 2023

Joint action is essential for planetary and human health

     Over 200 health journals call on the United Nations, political leaders, and health professionals to recognise that climate change and biodiversity loss are one indivisible crisis and must be tackled together to preserve health and avoid catastrophe. This overall environmental crisis is now so severe as to be a global health emergency.

The BMJ medical journal[82]
October 2023

  • 19 May: a study published in One Earth estimated that the top 21 fossil fuel companies will owe cumulative climate reparations of $5.4 trillion over the period 2025–2050.[83]
  • 12 June: the trial phase of Held v. Montana, the first constitutional climate trial in US, began in the U.S. state of Montana.[84] Sixteen young residents filed the suit based on the state’s 1972 constitution requiring that the "state and each person shall maintain and improve a clean and healthful environment in Montana for present and future generations".[84] On August 14, 2023, the trial court judge ruled in the youth plaintiffs' favor, though the state indicated it would appeal the decision.[85]
  • 23 June: a global summit on finance and climate ended in Paris without creating a tax on greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport, or fulfilling promises to transfer money to poor countries through the International Monetary Fund.[86]
  • 11 July: A study suggests in One Earth that carbon taxation approaches or instruments would be more effective and fairer when distinguishing between luxury- and basic goods and services.[87][88] A separate study (17 July) in Nature Energy finds that for energy demand reduction (EDR), "capping energy use of the top quintile of consumers" would be effective, more equitable, and increase public acceptance of transformative climate action in Europe.[89][90]
  • July: at a meeting in Chennai, India, G20 climate and environment ministers did not come to agreement on four of 68 points considered, including achieving peak emissions by 2025, converting to clean energy, or taxing carbon.[91]
  • 17 August: Scientists publish in PLOS Climate what could be the first study both investigating climate-polluting investments and proposing taxation thereof as transformative revenue for climate finance, i.a. indicating "40% of total U.S. emissions were associated with income flows to the highest earning 10% of households" in 2019 with a growing emissions inequality.[92]
  • 18 August: A study in One Earth investigating public policies and spending as well as lobbying activities regarding a transition to a sustainable food system finds that governments "largely ignore the climate-mitigation potential of animal product analogs" and that food production has 'lock-in' problems.[93]
2023 U.N. Climate Change Conference (COP28)

     The Conference of the Parties... calls on Parties to contribute to the following global efforts:

     (a) Tripling renewable energy capacity globally and doubling the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030;
     (d) Transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just, orderly and equitable manner, accelerating action in this critical decade, so as to achieve net zero by 2050 in keeping with the science;

— Outcome of the first global stocktake, COP28[94]
13 December 2023

Mitigation goal statements[edit]

A rapidly narrowing window

     Key finding 4: global emissions are not in line with modelled global mitigation pathways consistent with the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement, and there is a rapidly narrowing window to raise ambition and implement existing commitments in order to limit warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.

—U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change[99]
8 September 2023

  • 15 April: a communique from a meeting of G7 ministers pledged to collectively increase offshore wind capacity by 150 gigawatts by 2030 and solar capacity to more than 1 terawatt, and agreed to accelerate the phase-out of unabated (without recapture) fossil fuels to achieve net zero by 2050.[100] They stopped short of endorsing a 2030 deadline for phasing out coal, and left the door open for continued investment in gas to help address potential energy shortfalls.[100]
  • 19 May: a policies study review in One Earth, based on a systematic examination of existing methane policies across sectors, concludes that both only "about 13% of methane emissions are covered by methane mitigation policies and that the effectiveness of these policies "is far from clear".[101]

Adaptation goal statements[edit]

Consensus[edit]

  • 8 June: a study published in PLOS Climate studied defensive and secure forms of national identity—respectively called "national narcissism"[Note 1] and "secure national identification"[Note 2]—for their correlation to support for policies to mitigate climate change and to transition to renewable energy.[102] The researchers concluded that secure national identification tends to support policies promoting renewable energy; however, national narcissism was found to be inversely correlated with support for such policies—except to the extent that such policies, as well as greenwashing, enhance the national image.[102] Right-wing political orientation, which may indicate susceptibility to climate conspiracy beliefs, was also concluded to be negatively correlated with support for genuine climate mitigation policies.[102]
  • 7 August: A global survey study of climate policy researchers, published in Nature Sustainability, finds these experts substantially doubt the prevailing green growth narrative, "underscor[ing] the importance of considering alternative post-growth perspectives" that include approaches of agrowth and degrowth.[103]

Projections[edit]

Projections for different amounts of global warming: Melting of glacial mass, sea level rise, and loss of number of glaciers.[104]

      The consequences of (sea level rise) are unthinkable. Low-lying communities and entire countries could disappear forever. We would witness a mass exodus of entire populations on a biblical scale.

António Guterres, U.N. Secretary-General[105]
14 February 2023

  • 2 January: a study published in Earth's Future (American Geophysical Union) concluded that the greatest increase in the amount of coastal area below mean sea level will occur in the early stages of sea level rise (SLR), contrary to earlier assessments, shortening time for adaptation efforts.[106] Latest projections indicate that SLR is certain to exceed 2 metres (6.6 ft) in coming centuries, and a rise by 4 metres (13 ft) is considered possible.[106]
  • 5 January: a study published in Science stated that, based on then-current pledges, global mean temperature is projected to increase by +2.7 °C, which would cause loss of about half of Earth's glaciers by 2100, causing a sea level rise of 115±40 millimeters (not counting ice sheet melt).[104]
  • 30 January: Climate scientists predict, using artificial intelligence, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that global warming will exceed 1.5 °C in the next decade (scenario SSP2-4.5), and a nearly 70% chance of 2 °C between 2044 and 2065 (~2054) – a substantial probability of exceeding the 2 °C threshold – even if emissions rapidly decline (scenario SSP1-2.6).[107][108]
  • 30 January: A study in Nature Sustainability outlines challenges of aviation decarbonization by 2050 whose identified factors mainly are future demand, continuous efficiency improvements, new short-haul engines, higher SAF (biofuel) production, CO2 removal to compensate for non-CO2 forcing, and related policy-options. With constant air transport demand and aircraft efficiency, decarbonizing aviation would require nearly five times the 2019 worldwide biofuel production, competing with other hard-to-decarbonize sectors and land-use (or food security).[109]
  • 6 February: A study in Nature Climate Change integrates policy as an aspect into an integrated assessment model, showing that Powering Past Coal Alliance-based (from COP23) coal phase-out is highly unlikely (<5%) with current policies where both coal-use would substantially only shift from power to other industries (steel, cement, and chemicals) and China will now potentially "dangerously delay" the phase-out.[110][111]
  • February: the International Energy Agency's Electricity Market Report 2023 projected that low-emissions sources will constitute almost all the growth in global electricity demand through 2025, with renewables' portion of global power generation rising from 29% in 2022 to 35% in 2025.[112]
  • 6 March: The highest-granularity study on food GHGs, published in Nature Climate Change, reports that global food consumption alone would lead to failed climate goals with constant patterns, with ~75% of the projected warming due to ruminant meat, dairy and rice, albeit consumption currently shifts towards higher emissions overall as economic development is expected to facilitate acquisitions of undifferentiated goods like beef.[113][114]
  • 13 March: a study published in Nature Sustainability forecast that floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems on reservoirs could provide 9,434±29 terawatt-hours/year[115]—over a third of global electricity.[116]
  • 27 March: a study in Geophysical Research Letters attempts to provide estimations of the tipping point(s) of the Greenland ice sheet.[117][118]
  • 5 April: in its Boom and Bust Coal publication, Global Energy Monitor stated that phasing out operating coal power by 2040 would require an average of 117 GW of retirements per year—4.5 times the capacity retired in 2022.[119] An average of 60 GW/yr for OECD countries, and 91 GW/year for non-OECD countries, must come offline.[119]
  • 17 May: the WMO Global Annual to Decadal Climate Update projected that the chance of global near-surface temperature exceeding 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels for at least one year between 2023 and 2027 is 66%, though it is unlikely (32%) that the five-year mean will exceed 1.5 °C.[120]
Energy transition gathers pace

      The adoption of tighter efficiency standards by regulators, structural changes to the economy and the ever-accelerating penetration of EVs are expected to powerfully moderate annual growth in oil demand throughout the (2023–2028) forecast.

—International Energy Agency (IEA)[121]
14 June 2023

  • 20 May: a study published in One Earth found that increased temperature delays sleep onset and increases the probability of insufficient sleep, estimating that global warming may erode 50–58 hours of sleep per person-year while producing geographic inequalities that scale with future emissions.[122]
Regions and population densities exposed to unprecedented heat at different levels of global warming.[123]
  • 22 May: a study published in Nature Sustainability projected that current policies leading to ~2.7 °C global warming could leave 22–39% of humans outside their "human climate niche"—defined as "the historically highly conserved distribution of relative human population density with respect to mean annual temperature."[123] The study projected that reducing warming from 2.7 to 1.5 °C would result in a ~5-fold decrease in population exposed to unprecedented heat.[123]
  • 6 June: a study published in Nature Communications projected that under all SSP emissions scenarios considered, the Arctic would be ice-free in September as soon as the 2030s, sooner than the IPCC's earlier projection of mid-century.[124]
  • 7 June: the American Lung Association projected that, by 2050, as the U.S. moves to 100 percent zero emission new passenger vehicles sales and clean electricity generation, the resulting cleaner air could bring $978 billion in public health benefits, 89,300 fewer premature deaths, 2.2 million fewer asthma attacks, and 10.7 million fewer lost workdays.[125]
  • 14 June: the International Energy Agency's Oil 2023: Analysis and forecast to 2028 said that demand for oil from combustible fossil fuels is on course to peak in 2028 (the final year of the forecast), and that growth is set to reverse after 2023 for gasoline and after 2026 for transport fuels overall.[121]
  • 25 July: a study published in Nature Communications projected a tipping point collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) by mid-century, causing long term cooling of Europe.[126] Earlier IPCC projections were that such a collapse is not likely within the century.[126]
  • 19 August: a study published in Energies projected that global warming reaching 2 °C this century will cause premature deaths in roughly 1 billion humans.[127] The study cited the order-of-magnitude estimate in the "1000-ton rule" that states that a future person is killed every time 1000 tons of fossil carbon are burned.[127]
  • 28 August: a study published in Nature Climate Change projected that without snowmaking, 53% of ski resorts in 28 European countries will be at "very high risk for snow supply" under global warming of 2 °C (98% under 4 °C warming).[128]
  • 5 September: A study in The Lancet Planetary Health shows decoupling rates in high-income countries are inadequate for Paris Agreement commitments and suggests post-growth approaches such as demand reduction strategies and reorienting the economy.[129]
  • 2 October: a study published in Nature Communications studied the effect of the expected reduction in the amount of dark-colored, light-absorbing atmospheric particles (LAPs) that snow would absorb, making the snow reflect more sunlight, thus reducing radiative forcing that would otherwise warm the Earth.[130] The study concluded that there would be a reduction in radiative forcing from 0.65 W/m2 (1995-2014) to 0.49  W/m2 (in 2081-2100).[130]
  • 23 October: a Washington Post analysis concluded that by 2040, longer warm and moist transmission seasons and expanding habitats for mosquitos (both caused by climate change), coupled with expected demographic growth, could put more than 5 billion people at risk of contracting malaria.[131]
  • 23 October: a study published in Nature Climate Change projected that ocean warming at about triple the historical rate is likely unavoidable in the 21st century, with no significant difference between mid-range emissions scenarios versus achieving the most ambitious targets of the Paris Agreement—suggesting that greenhouse gas mitigation has limited ability to prevent collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.[132]
  • 24 October: the International Energy Agency's World Energy Outlook 2023 stated that "the momentum behind clean energy transitions is now sufficient for global demand for coal, oil and natural gas to all reach a high point before 2030 in the STEPS" (Stated Policies Scenario).[133]
  • 2 November: a study published in Oxford Open Climate Change (co-author: James E. Hansen) projected that the recent decline of aerosol emissions should increase the global warming rate of 0.18 °C per decade (1970–2010) to at least 0.27 °C per decade, so that "under the present geopolitical approach to GHG emissions", warming will exceed 1.5 °C in the 2020s and 2 °C before 2050.[134]
  • 5 December: a report from the United Nations Environment Programme projected that on current growth trends, electricity for cooling equipment (air conditioning) would more than double by 2050, and that under a business-as-usual scenario, emissions from cooling would account for more than 10% of global emissions in 2050.[135]

Significant publications[edit]

Observed Changes and Impacts

     Human-caused climate change is already affecting many weather and climate extremes in every region across the globe. This has led to widespread adverse impacts and related losses and damages to nature and people (high confidence). Vulnerable communities who have historically contributed the least to current climate change are disproportionately affected (high confidence).

—"Headline Statement A2" in the AR6 Synthesis Report[136]

Entering uncharted territory

     We warn of potential collapse of natural and socioeconomic systems in such a world where we will face unbearable heat, frequent extreme weather events, food and fresh water shortages, rising seas, more emerging diseases, and increased social unrest and geopolitical conflict.

—2023 State of the Climate Report[7]
15,000 scientist signatories, 24 October 2023

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Cislak et al. define National Narcissism as "a belief that one’s national group is exceptional and deserves external recognition underlain by unsatisfied psychological needs".
  2. ^ Cislak et al. define Secure National Identification as "reflect(ing) feelings of strong bonds and solidarity with one's ingroup members, and sense of satisfaction in group membership".

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "The 2023 Annual Climate Summary / Global Climate Highlights 2023". Copernicus Programme. 9 January 2024. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024.
  2. ^ "Secretary-General's opening remarks at press conference on climate". UN.org. United Nations. 27 July 2023. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023.
  3. ^ a b von Schuckmann, Karina; Minière, Audrey; Gues, Flora; et al. (17 April 2023). "Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: where does the energy go?". Earth System Science Data. 15 (4): 1675–1709. Bibcode:2023ESSD...15.1675V. doi:10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023. hdl:20.500.11850/619535. ISSN 1866-3508.
  4. ^ Nichols, Michelle (6 February 2023). "For 2023, U.N. chief amplifies warnings on Ukraine, climate". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023.
  5. ^ "AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023 — IPCC". Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  6. ^ "Climate Breakdown Has Begun with Hottest Summer on Record, Secretary-General Warns, Calling on Leaders to 'Turn Up the Heat Now' for Climate Solutions". UN.org. United Nations. 6 September 2023. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023.
  7. ^ a b Ripple, William J.; Wolf, Christopher; Gregg, Jillian W.; Rockström, Johan; et al. (24 October 2023). "The 2023 state of the climate report: Entering uncharted territory". BioScience. biad080 (12): 841–850. doi:10.1093/biosci/biad080.
  8. ^ ICN Staff (27 December 2023). "2023 in Climate News". Inside Climate News. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023.
  9. ^ "Vital Signs of the Planet / Understanding our planet to benefit humankind". climate.NASA.gov. NASA. 31 December 2023. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023.
  10. ^ "Ice down under". 3 January 2023. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Fig. 5a
  11. ^ "Global Low-Carbon Energy Technology Investment Surges Past $1 Trillion for the First Time". BloombergNEF. 26 January 2023. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023.
  12. ^ Harvey, Chelsea. "A Mysterious Rise in Banned Chemicals Is Warming the Planet". Scientific American. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  13. ^ Western, Luke M.; Vollmer, Martin K.; Krummel, Paul B.; Adcock, Karina E.; Crotwell, Molly; Fraser, Paul J.; Harth, Christina M.; Langenfelds, Ray L.; Montzka, Stephen A.; Mühle, Jens; O’Doherty, Simon; Oram, David E.; Reimann, Stefan; Rigby, Matt; Vimont, Isaac; Weiss, Ray F.; Young, Dickon; Laube, Johannes C. (April 2023). "Global increase of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons from 2010 to 2020". Nature Geoscience. 16 (4): 309–313. Bibcode:2023NatGe..16..309W. doi:10.1038/s41561-023-01147-w. hdl:1983/9e103fef-e61c-49c7-a1a3-902540ec1d7c. ISSN 1752-0908. S2CID 257941769.
  14. ^ "Wind powers Britain more than gas for first time". Drax. 10 May 2023. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023.
  15. ^ Yao, Fangfang; Livneh, Ben; Rajagopalan, Balaji; Wang, Jida; Crétaux, Jean-François; Wada, Yoshihide; Berge-Nguyen, Muriel (18 May 2023). "Satellites reveal widespread decline in global lake water storage". Science. 380 (6646): 743–749. Bibcode:2023Sci...380..743Y. doi:10.1126/science.abo2812. hdl:10754/691878. PMID 37200445. S2CID 258765167. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023. "The net volume loss in natural lakes is largely attributable to climate warming, increasing evaporative demand, and human water consumption, whereas sedimentation dominates storage losses in reservoirs."
  16. ^ "August Climate Bulletins / Summer 2023: the hottest on record". Copernicus Programme. 6 September 2023. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023.
  17. ^ "Copernicus: September 2023 – unprecedented temperature anomalies; 2023 on track to be the warmest year on record". climate.copernicus.eu. Copernicus Programme. 5 October 2023. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023.
  18. ^ Rockström, Johan; Gupta, Joyeeta; et al. (31 May 2023). "Safe and just Earth system boundaries". Nature. 619 (7968): 102–111. Bibcode:2023Natur.619..102R. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06083-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10322705. PMID 37258676.
  19. ^ "The world just blew past the Paris climate talks' maximum temperature threshold: 'I feel like I am watching a global train wreck in slow motion'". Fortune. Associated Press. 16 June 2023. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023.
  20. ^ Baisis, Laura (26 July 2023). "Mass coral reef bleaching in Florida as ocean temperatures hit 100 degrees". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023.
  21. ^ Livingston, Ian (9 August 2023). "Hot-tub-like Persian Gulf fuels 158-degree heat index in Iran". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 August 2023.
  22. ^ "Global power sector saved fuel costs of USD 520 billion last year thanks to renewables, says new IRENA report". IRENA.org. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). 29 August 2023. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023.
  23. ^ Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, Edward; Cox, Tyler; Espinosa, Zachary I.; Donohoe, Aaron (31 August 2023). "The Largest Ever Recorded Heatwave—Characteristics and Attribution of the Antarctic Heatwave of March 2022". Geophysical Research Letters. 50 (17). Bibcode:2023GeoRL..5004910B. doi:10.1029/2023GL104910. S2CID 261457147.
  24. ^ Newman, Rebecca; Noy, Ilan (29 September 2023). "The global costs of extreme weather that are attributable to climate change". Nature Communications. 14 (6103): 6103. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.6103N. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41888-1. PMC 10541421. PMID 37775690.
  25. ^ Garner, Andra J. (19 October 2023). "Observed increases in North Atlantic tropical cyclone peak intensification rates". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 16299. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42669-y. PMC 10587146. PMID 37857635.
  26. ^ "ERA5 data from CopernicusECMWF indicates that 17 November was the first day that the global temperature exceeded 2°C above pre-industrial levels". Copernicus European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023.
  27. ^ Lelieveld, Jos; Haines, Andy; Burnett, Richard; Tonne, Cathryn; Klingmueller, Klaus; Munzel, Thomas; Pozzer, Andrea (29 November 2023). "Air pollution deaths attributable to fossil fuels: observational and modelling study". The BMJ. 383: e077784. doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-077784. PMC 10686100. PMID 38030155.
  28. ^ "World poised to hit 1.5 degrees a year earlier than expected as carbon overspend continues". cosmosmagazine.com. 5 December 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  29. ^ Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; et al. (5 December 2023). "Global Carbon Budget 2023". Earth System Science Data. 15 (12): 5301–5369. doi:10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023. hdl:10871/134742. ISSN 1866-3508.
  30. ^ a b Taylor, Caroline; Robinson, Tom R.; Dunning, Stuart; Carr, J. Rachel; Westoby, Matthew (7 February 2023). "Glacial lake outburst floods threaten millions globally". Nature Communications. 14 (487): 1805. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14..487T. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36033-x. PMC 9905510. PMID 36750561. S2CID 256631924.
  31. ^ Palacio-Castro, Ana M.; Smith, Tyler B.; Brandtneris, Viktor; Baker, Andrew C. (13 February 2023). "Increased dominance of heat-tolerant symbionts creates resilient coral reefs in near-term ocean warming". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 120 (8): e2202388120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12002388P. doi:10.1073/pnas.2202388120. PMC 9974440. PMID 36780524. S2CID 256844633.
  32. ^ a b Zheng, Bo; Ciais, Philippe; Chevallier, Frederic; Yang, Hui; et al. (2 March 2023). "Record-high CO2 emissions from boreal fires in 2021". Science. 379 (6635): 912–917. Bibcode:2023Sci...379..912Z. doi:10.1126/science.ade0805. hdl:1871.1/fb09cfab-b06b-4407-ba0e-82c032818c44. PMID 36862792. S2CID 257283260. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  33. ^ Rodell, Matthew; Li, Bailing (13 March 2023). "Changing intensity of hydroclimatic extreme events revealed by GRACE and GRACE-FO". Nature Water. 1 (3): 241–248. doi:10.1038/s44221-023-00040-5. S2CID 257525498. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  34. ^ "Vast glacier at mercy of sea warmth increases". BBC News. 15 February 2023. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  35. ^ Schmidt, B. E.; Washam, P.; Davis, P. E. D.; Nicholls, K. W.; Holland, D. M.; Lawrence, J. D.; Riverman, K. L.; Smith, J. A.; Spears, A.; Dichek, D. J. G.; Mullen, A. D.; Clyne, E.; Yeager, B.; Anker, P.; Meister, M. R.; Hurwitz, B. C.; Quartini, E. S.; Bryson, F. E.; Basinski-Ferris, A.; Thomas, C.; Wake, J.; Vaughan, D. G.; Anandakrishnan, S.; Rignot, E.; Paden, J.; Makinson, K. (February 2023). "Heterogeneous melting near the Thwaites Glacier grounding line". Nature. 614 (7948): 471–478. Bibcode:2023Natur.614..471S. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05691-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9931587. PMID 36792738.
  36. ^ Davis, Peter E. D.; Nicholls, Keith W.; Holland, David M.; Schmidt, Britney E.; Washam, Peter; Riverman, Kiya L.; Arthern, Robert J.; Vaňková, Irena; Eayrs, Clare; Smith, James A.; Anker, Paul G. D.; Mullen, Andrew D.; Dichek, Daniel; Lawrence, Justin D.; Meister, Matthew M.; Clyne, Elisabeth; Basinski-Ferris, Aurora; Rignot, Eric; Queste, Bastien Y.; Boehme, Lars; Heywood, Karen J.; Anandakrishnan, Sridhar; Makinson, Keith (February 2023). "Suppressed basal melting in the eastern Thwaites Glacier grounding zone". Nature. 614 (7948): 479–485. Bibcode:2023Natur.614..479D. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05586-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9931584. PMID 36792735.
  37. ^ "Antarctic sea ice extent sets a new record low". National Snow and Ice Data Center. 14 February 2023. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  38. ^ "'Extreme situation': Antarctic sea ice hits record low". The Guardian. 15 February 2023. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  39. ^ a b Li, Qian; England, Matthew H.; Hogg, Andrew McC.; Rintoul, Stephen R.; Morrison, Adele K. (29 March 2023). "Abyssal ocean overturning slowdown and warming driven by Antarctic meltwater". Nature. 615 (7954): 841–847. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..841L. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05762-w. PMID 36991191. S2CID 257807573.
  40. ^ Gunn, Kathryn L.; Rintoul, Stephen R.; England, Matthew H.; Bowen, Melissa M. (June 2023). "Recent reduced abyssal overturning and ventilation in the Australian Antarctic Basin". Nature Climate Change. 13 (6): 537–544. Bibcode:2023NatCC..13..537G. doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01667-8. ISSN 1758-6798.
  41. ^ Callahan, Christopher W.; Dominy, Nathaniel J.; DeSilva, Jeremy M.; Mankin, Justin S. (7 April 2023). "Global warming, home runs, and the future of America's pastime". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. -1 (aop): E1006–E1016. Bibcode:2023BAMS..104E1006C. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-22-0235.1. S2CID 258034979. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  42. ^ Hawkins, Heidi-Jayne; Cargill, Rachael I.M.; Van Nuland, Michael E.; Sheldrake, Merlin; Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A.; Kiers, E. Toby (5 June 2023). "Mycorrhizal mycelium as a global carbon pool". Current Biology. 33 (11): PR560–R573. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.027. hdl:1942/40689. PMID 37279689. S2CID 259078574.
  43. ^ Becker, Emily (8 June 2023). "June 2023 ENSO update: El Niño is here". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. The circus is in town / El Niño conditions are present when we have met all the criteria of our decision tree.
  44. ^ a b Purich, Ariaan; Doddridge, Edward W. (13 September 2023). "Record low Antarctic sea ice coverage indicates a new sea ice state". Communications Earth & Environment. 4 (1): 314. Bibcode:2023ComEE...4..314P. doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00961-9. S2CID 261855193.
  45. ^ "Fire Statistics". CIFFC.net. Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC). October 2023. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023. ● Cited by Livingston, Ian (24 October 2023). "Earth's climate shatters heat records. These 5 charts show how". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023.
  46. ^ Gabay, Aimee (26 June 2023). "Climate change causes a mountain peak frozen for thousands of years to collapse". Live Science. Archived from the original on 26 June 2023.
  47. ^ Paris, Costas (20 June 2023). "How the Worst Drought in a Century Is Changing the Panama Canal". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. (WSJ direct)
  48. ^ "World Meteorological Organization declares onset of El Niño conditions". World Meteorological Organization. 4 July 2023. Press Release Number: 04072023
  49. ^ Rotta Loria, Alessandro F. (11 July 2023). "The silent impact of underground climate change on civil infrastructure". Communications Engineering. 2 (44): 44. Bibcode:2023CmEng...2...44R. doi:10.1038/s44172-023-00092-1.
  50. ^ "It's Not Just Climate Change: Three Other Factors Driving This Summer's Extreme Heat". Yale Environment 360. 28 July 2023. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023.
  51. ^ Tracy, Ben; Novak, Analisa (23 August 2023). "Drought affecting Panama Canal threatens 40% of world's cargo ship traffic". CBS News. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023.
  52. ^ Li, Yi; Tang, Youmin; Wang, Shuai; Toumi, Ralf; Song, Xiangzhou; Wang, Qiang (24 August 2023). "Recent increases in tropical cyclone rapid intensification events in global offshore regions". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 5167. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.5167L. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40605-2. PMC 10449825. PMID 37620321.
  53. ^ Livingston, Ian; Samenow, Jason (8 September 2023). "A first: Category 5 storms have formed in every ocean basin this year". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023.
  54. ^ a b Richardson, Katherine; Steffen, Will; Lucht, Wolfgang; Bendtsen, Jorgen; et al. (13 September 2023). "Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries". Science Advances. 9 (37): eadh2458. Bibcode:2023SciA....9H2458R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh2458. PMC 10499318. PMID 37703365.
  55. ^ a b Shan, Kiayue; Lin, Yanluan; Chu, Pao-Shin; Yu, Xiping; Song, Fengfei (27 September 2023). "Seasonal advance of intense tropical cyclones in a warming climate". Nature. 623 (7985): 83–89. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06544-0. PMC 10620083. PMID 37758952. S2CID 263125198.
  56. ^ Davies, Richard J.; Yang, Jinxiu; Ireland, Mark T.; Berndt, Christian; Maqueda, Miguel A. M.; Huuse, Mads (6 December 2023). "Long-distance migration and venting of methane from the base of the hydrate stability zone". Nature Geoscience. 17: 32–37. doi:10.1038/s41561-023-01333-w.
  57. ^ "Can shooting clouds of Moon dust towards the Sun combat global warming?". Firstpost. 8 February 2023. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  58. ^ Bromley, Benjamin C.; Khan, Sameer H.; Kenyon, Scott J. (8 February 2023). "Dust as a solar shield". PLOS Climate. 2 (2): e0000133. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000133. ISSN 2767-3200. — Research institute press release: "Could space dust help protect the earth from climate change?". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics via EurekAlert. 8 February 2023. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  59. ^ Gabbatiss, Josh (23 February 2023). "Heat pumps 'up to three times cheaper' than green hydrogen in Europe, study finds". Carbon Brief. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  60. ^ Weidner, Till; Guillén-Gosálbez, Gonzalo (15 February 2023). "Planetary boundaries assessment of deep decarbonisation options for building heating in the European Union". Energy Conversion and Management. 278: 116602. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602. hdl:20.500.11850/599236. ISSN 0196-8904.
  61. ^ Altermatt, Pietro P.; Clausen, Jens; Brendel, Heiko; Breyer, Christian; Gerhards, Christoph; Kemfert, Claudia; Weber, Urban; Wright, Matthew (3 March 2023). "Replacing gas boilers with heat pumps is the fastest way to cut German gas consumption". Communications Earth & Environment. 4 (1): 56. Bibcode:2023ComEE...4...56A. doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00715-7. ISSN 2662-4435.
  62. ^ "New study shows Earth energy imbalance". public.wmo.int. 19 April 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  63. ^ Santer, Benjamin D.; Po-Chedley, Stephen; Zhao, Lilong; Taylor, Karl E. (8 May 2023). "Exceptional stratospheric contribution to human fingerprints on atmospheric temperature". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (20): e2300758120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12000758S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2300758120. PMC 10193933. PMID 37155871.
  64. ^ Davies, Brittany (3 August 2023). "These State-of-the-Art Floating Turbines Could Revolutionize Wind Power - and They Look Like Something Out of a Sci-Fi Movie". The Cool Down. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023.
  65. ^ Nijsse, Femke J. M. M.; Mercure, Jean-Francois; Ameli, Nadia; Larosa, Francesca; Kothari, Sumit; Rickman, Jamie; Vercoulen, Pim; Pollitt, Hector (17 October 2023). "The momentum of the solar energy transition". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 6542. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41971-7. PMC 10582067. PMID 37848437.
  66. ^ Alkousaa, Riham (8 June 2023). "COP28 president says fossil fuels phasedown is inevitable". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023.
  67. ^ "Climate Group Extinction Rebellion Suspends 'Public Disruption' Tactics". Voice of America. 1 January 2023. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023.
  68. ^ "Studie sieht EU-weit 87 Milliarden Euro Mehrbedarf bei Erneuerbaren und E-Verkehr | MDR.DE". www.mdr.de (in German). Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  69. ^ Klaaßen, Lena; Steffen, Bjarne (January 2023). "Meta-analysis on necessary investment shifts to reach net zero pathways in Europe". Nature Climate Change. 13 (1): 58–66. Bibcode:2023NatCC..13...58K. doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01549-5. ISSN 1758-6798. S2CID 255624692. — Expert reviews of the study: "Notwendige Investitionen auf dem Weg zu Netto-Null-Emissionen". www.sciencemediacenter.de. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  70. ^ "French parliament votes to make solar panels compulsory on large car parks". Radio France Internationale. 11 January 2023. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023.
  71. ^ Harvey, Fiona (12 January 2023). "Fossil fuel producers must be forced to 'take back' carbon, say scientists". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  72. ^ Jenkins, Stuart; Kuijper, Margriet; Helferty, Hugh; Girardin, Cécile; Allen, Myles (1 January 2023). "Extended producer responsibility for fossil fuels". Environmental Research Letters. 18 (1): 011005. Bibcode:2023ERL....18a1005J. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aca4e8. ISSN 1748-9326.
  73. ^ Kahn, Brian (22 March 2023). "New climate paper calls for charging big US oil firms with homicide". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  74. ^ Arkush, David; Braman, Donald (23 January 2023). "Climate Homicide: Prosecuting Big Oil For Climate Deaths". Harvard Environmental Law Review. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4335779. S2CID 256447850.
  75. ^ Abnett, Kate (14 February 2023). "EU lawmakers approve effective 2035 ban on new fossil fuel cars". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023.
  76. ^ "Rationing could be an effective way to fight climate change". Earth.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  77. ^ Wood, Nathan; Lawlor, Rob; Freear, Josie (19 February 2023). "Rationing and Climate Change Mitigation*". Ethics, Policy & Environment: 1–29. doi:10.1080/21550085.2023.2166342. ISSN 2155-0085. — * University press release: "Rationing: A fairer way to fight climate change?". University of Leeds via phys.org. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  78. ^ "UN 2023 Water Conference". UN Water. 3 February 2022. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  79. ^ a b van Valkengoed, Anne M.; Steg, Linda; Perlaviciute, Goda (21 April 2023). "The psychological distance of climate change is overestimated". One Earth. 6 (4): 362–391. Bibcode:2023OEart...6..362V. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2023.03.006. S2CID 258281951. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  80. ^ Borges, Anelise (21 April 2021). "'More people displaced because of climate change than because of conflicts,' says UN migration chief". Euronews. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023.
  81. ^ Winkler, Lisa; Pearce, Drew; Nelson, Jenny; Babacan, Oytun (24 April 2023). "The effect of sustainable mobility transition policies on cumulative urban transport emissions and energy demand". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 2357. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.2357W. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37728-x. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10125996. PMID 37095105.
  82. ^ a b Abbasi, Kamran; Ali, Parveen; Barbour, Virginia; Benfield, Thomas; et al. (25 October 2023). "Time to treat the climate and nature crisis as one indivisible global health emergency". The BMJ. 383: 2355. doi:10.1136/bmj.p2355.
  83. ^ Grasso, Marco; Heede, Richard (19 May 2023). "Time to pay the piper: Fossil fuel companies' reparations for climate damages". One Earth. 6 (5): 459–463. Bibcode:2023OEart...6..459G. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2023.04.012. hdl:10281/416137. S2CID 258809532.
  84. ^ a b Noor, Dharna (12 June 2023). "Young Montana residents bring climate change case to court for first time ever". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023.
  85. ^ Hanson, Amy Beth; Brown, Matthew (14 August 2023). "Young environmental activists prevail in first-of-its-kind climate change trial in Montana". AP News. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023.
  86. ^ Churn, Philip Andrew (23 June 2023). "Global climate summit in Paris fails to agree ambitious plans". Euronews. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023.
  87. ^ "Could a carbon tax on luxury items be fairer and more effective?". euronews. 12 July 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  88. ^ Oswald, Yannick; Millward-Hopkins, Joel; Steinberger, Julia K.; Owen, Anne; Ivanova, Diana (July 2023). "Luxury-focused carbon taxation improves fairness of climate policy". One Earth. 6 (7): 884–898. Bibcode:2023OEart...6..884O. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2023.05.027. S2CID 259852986.
  89. ^ Niranjan, Ajit (17 July 2023). "Europe should cap 'luxury' energy use to meet emissions targets, study says". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  90. ^ Büchs, Milena; Cass, Noel; Mullen, Caroline; Lucas, Karen; Ivanova, Diana (July 2023). "Emissions savings from equitable energy demand reduction". Nature Energy. 8 (7): 758–769. Bibcode:2023NatEn...8..758B. doi:10.1038/s41560-023-01283-y. ISSN 2058-7546.
  91. ^ "G20 ministers fail to reach agreement on key climate issues". EuroNews, with AP. 29 July 2023. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023.
  92. ^ Starr, Jared; Nicolson, Craig; Ash, Michael; Markowitz, Ezra M.; Moran, Daniel (17 August 2023). "Income-based U.S. household carbon footprints (1990–2019) offer new insights on emissions inequality and climate finance". PLOS Climate. 2 (8): e0000190. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000190. hdl:11250/3101168. ISSN 2767-3200.
  93. ^ Vallone, Simona; Lambin, Eric F. (September 2023). "Public policies and vested interests preserve the animal farming status quo at the expense of animal product analogs". One Earth. 6 (9): 1213–1226. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2023.07.013. S2CID 261010773.
  94. ^ a b c "Outcome of the first global stocktake" (PDF). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 13 December 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2023. Section II.A.28.
  95. ^ Black, Simon; Liu, Antung A.; Parry, Ian W.H.; Vernon, Nate (24 August 2023). "IMF Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data: 2023 Update". Archived from the original on 8 February 2024.
  96. ^ Prisco, Jacopo (7 September 2023). "$23 billion pledged at Africa Climate Summit, but leaders warn of need 'to act with urgency'". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023.
  97. ^ Almaraz, Maya; Houlton, Benjamin Z.; Clark, Michael; Holzer, Iris; Zhou, Yanqiu; Rasmussen, Laura; Moberg, Emily; Manaigo, Erin; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Scarborough, Courtney; Lei, Xin Gen; Ho, Melissa; Allison, Edward; Sibanda, Lindiwe; Salter, Andrew (6 September 2023). "Model-based scenarios for achieving net negative emissions in the food system". PLOS Climate. 2 (9): e0000181. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000181. ISSN 2767-3200.
  98. ^ Plumer, Brad; Bearak, Max (13 December 2023). "In a First, Nations at Climate Summit Agree to Move Away From Fossil Fuels". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023.
  99. ^ "Technical dialogue of the first global stocktake" (PDF). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC). 8 September 2023. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2023.
  100. ^ a b Golubkov, Katya; Obayashi, Yuka (15 April 2023). "G7 ministers set big new targets for solar and wind capacity". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023.
  101. ^ Olczak, Maria; Piebalgs, Andris; Balcombe, Paul (May 2023). "A global review of methane policies reveals that only 13% of emissions are covered with unclear effectiveness". One Earth. 6 (5): 519–535. Bibcode:2023OEart...6..519O. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2023.04.009.
  102. ^ a b c Cislak, Aleksandra; Wójcik, Adrian D.; Borkowska, Julia; Milfont, Taciano (8 June 2023). "Secure and defensive forms of national identity and public support for climate policies". PLOS Climate. 2 (6): e0000146. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000146.
  103. ^ King, Lewis C.; Savin, Ivan; Drews, Stefan (7 August 2023). "Shades of green growth scepticism among climate policy researchers". Nature Sustainability. 6 (11): 1316–1320. doi:10.1038/s41893-023-01198-2. ISSN 2398-9629. S2CID 260176492.
  104. ^ a b Rounce, David R.; Hock, Regine; Maussion, Fabien; Hugonnet, Romain; et al. (5 January 2023). "Global glacier change in the 21st century: Every increase in temperature matters". Science. 379 (6627): 78–83. Bibcode:2023Sci...379...78R. doi:10.1126/science.abo1324. PMID 36603094. S2CID 255441012. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  105. ^ "Stressing Rising Seas Already Creating Instability, Conflict, Secretary-General Says Security Council Has Critical Role in Addressing Devastating Challenges". United Nations. 14 February 2023. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023.
  106. ^ a b Vernimmen, Ronald; Hooijer, Aljosja (2 January 2023). "New LiDAR-Based Elevation Model Shows Greatest Increase in Global Coastal Exposure to Flooding to Be Caused by Early-Stage Sea-Level Rise". Earth's Future. 11 (1). American Geophysical Union. Bibcode:2023EaFut..1102880V. doi:10.1029/2022EF002880. S2CID 255699293.
  107. ^ "Earth is on track to exceed 1.5C warming in the next decade, study using AI finds". The Guardian. 30 January 2023. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  108. ^ Diffenbaugh, Noah S.; Barnes, Elizabeth A. (7 February 2023). "Data-driven predictions of the time remaining until critical global warming thresholds are reached". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (6): e2207183120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12007183D. doi:10.1073/pnas.2207183120. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 9963891. PMID 36716375. S2CID 256414790.
  109. ^ Bergero, Candelaria; et al. (30 January 2023). "Pathways to net-zero emissions from aviation". Nature Sustainability. 6 (4): 404–414. doi:10.1038/s41893-022-01046-9. S2CID 256449498. — News article about the study: Calma, Justine (31 January 2023). "We can't afford to offset our aviation emissions". The Verge. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  110. ^ Marris, Emma (8 February 2023). "Fighting Climate Change Was Costly. Now It's Profitable". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  111. ^ Bi, Stephen L.; Bauer, Nico; Jewell, Jessica (February 2023). "Coal-exit alliance must confront freeriding sectors to propel Paris-aligned momentum". Nature Climate Change. 13 (2): 130–139. Bibcode:2023NatCC..13..130B. doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01570-8. ISSN 1758-6798. S2CID 256659280. — Research institute press release: "Coal exit can happen only with stronger policies, and with China cooperating, says study". Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research via phys.org. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  112. ^ "Electricity Market Report 2023" (PDF). iea.org. International Energy Agency. February 2023. pp. 6, 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2023.
  113. ^ Carrington, Damian (6 March 2023). "Meat, dairy and rice production will bust 1.5C climate target, shows study". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  114. ^ Ivanovich, Catherine C.; Sun, Tianyi; Gordon, Doria R.; Ocko, Ilissa B. (March 2023). "Future warming from global food consumption". Nature Climate Change. 13 (3): 297–302. Bibcode:2023NatCC..13..297I. doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01605-8. ISSN 1758-6798.
  115. ^ Jin, Yubin; Hu, Shijie; Ziegler, Alan D.; Gibson, Luke; et al. (13 March 2023). "Energy production and water savings from floating solar photovoltaics on global reservoirs". Nature Sustainability. 6 (7): 865–874. doi:10.1038/s41893-023-01089-6. S2CID 257514885. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  116. ^ Timmer, John (13 March 2023). "Floating solar panels could provide over a third of global electricity". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023.
  117. ^ Dixit, Mrigakshi (28 March 2023). "Greenland ice sheet close to point of no return, reveals computer model". interestingengineering.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  118. ^ Höning, Dennis; Willeit, Matteo; Calov, Reinhard; Klemann, Volker; Bagge, Meike; Ganopolski, Andrey (28 March 2023). "Multistability and Transient Response of the Greenland Ice Sheet to Anthropogenic CO 2 Emissions". Geophysical Research Letters. 50 (6): e2022GL101827. Bibcode:2023GeoRL..5001827H. doi:10.1029/2022GL101827. ISSN 0094-8276.
  119. ^ a b Shared attribution: Global Energy Monitor, CREA, E3G, Reclaim Finance, Sierra Club, SFOC, Kiko Network, CAN Europe, Bangladesh Groups, ACJCE, Chile Sustentable (5 April 2023). "Boom and Bust Coal / Tracking the Global Coal Plant Pipeline" (PDF). Global Energy Monitor. pp. 13–14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  120. ^ "WMO Global Annual to Decadal Climate Update". World Meteorological Organization. 17 May 2023. p. 2. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023.
  121. ^ a b "Oil 2023: Analysis and forecast to 2028" (PDF). International Energy Agency (IEA). 14 June 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2023.
  122. ^ Minor, Kelton; Bjerre-Nielsen, Andreas; Jonasdottir, Sigga Svala; Lehmann, Sune; Obradovich, Nick (20 May 2023). "Rising temperatures erode human sleep globally". One Earth. 5 (5): 534–549. Bibcode:2022OEart...5..534M. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2022.04.008. S2CID 248956215.
  123. ^ a b c Lenton, Timothy M.; Xu, Chi; Abrams, Jesse F.; Ghadiali, Ashish; et al. (22 May 2023). "Quantifying the human cost of global warming". Nature Sustainability. 2023. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  124. ^ Kim, Yeon-Hee; Min, Seung-Ki; Gillet, Nathan P.; Notz, Dirk; Malinina, Elizaveta (6 June 2023). "Observationally-constrained projections of an ice-free Arctic even under a low emission scenario". Nature Communications. 14 (3139): 3139. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.3139K. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38511-8. PMC 10244426. PMID 37280196. S2CID 259097482.
  125. ^ "Driving to Clean Air: Health Benefits of Zero-Emission Cars and Electricity" (PDF). lung.org. American Lung Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2023.
  126. ^ a b Ditlevsen, Peter; Ditlevsen, Susanne (25 July 2023). "Warning of a forthcoming collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 4254. arXiv:2304.09160. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.4254D. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39810-w. PMC 10368695. PMID 37491344.
  127. ^ a b Pearce, Joshua M.; Parncutt, Richard (19 August 2023). "Quantifying Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Human Deaths to Guide Energy Policy". Energies. 16 (16): 6074. doi:10.3390/en16166074.
  128. ^ Francois, Hugues; Samacoits, Rahaelle; BIrd, David neil; Koberl, Judith; Prettenthaler, Franz; Morin, Samual (28 August 2023). "Climate change exacerbates snow-water-energy challenges for European ski tourism". Nature Climate Change. 13 (9): 935–942. Bibcode:2023NatCC..13..935F. doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01759-5. S2CID 261326672.
  129. ^ Vogel, Jefim; Hickel, Jason (September 2023). "Is green growth happening? An empirical analysis of achieved versus Paris-compliant CO2–GDP decoupling in high-income countries" (PDF). The Lancet Planetary Health. 7 (9): e759–e769. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00174-2. PMID 37673546. S2CID 261551290.
  130. ^ a b Hao, Dalei; Bisht, Gautam; Wang, Hailong; Xu, Donghui; Huilin, Huang; Qian, Yun; Leung, L. Ruby (2 October 2023). "A cleaner snow future mitigates Northern Hemisphere snowpack loss from warming". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 6074. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.6074H. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41732-6. PMC 10545800. PMID 37783678.
  131. ^ Chason, Rachel; Crowe, Kevin; Muyskens, John; Chikwendiu, Jahi (23 October 2023). "Where Malaria is Spreading". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024.
  132. ^ Naughten, Kaitlin A.; Holland, Paul R.; De Rydt, Jan (23 October 2023). "Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century". Nature Climate Change. 13 (11): 1222–1228. Bibcode:2023NatCC..13.1222N. doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x. S2CID 264476246.
  133. ^ "World Energy Outlook 2023 / Executive summary". IEA.org. International Energy Agency (IEA). 24 October 2023. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023.
  134. ^ Hansen, James E.; Sato, Makiko; Simons, Leon; Nazarenko, Larissa S.; et al. (2 November 2023). "Global warming in the pipeline". Oxford Open Climate Change. 3 (1). doi:10.1093/oxfclm/kgad008.
  135. ^ "Key measures could slash predicted 2050 emissions from cooling sector". United Nations Environment Programme. 5 December 2023. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023.
  136. ^ "AR6 Synthesis Report / Headline Statements". IPCC.ch. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. March 2023. p. A2 Observed Changes and Impacts. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023.

External links[edit]

Organizations[edit]

Surveys, summaries and report lists[edit]