Cork (city)

Coordinates: 51°53′50″N 8°28′12″W / 51.89722°N 8.47000°W / 51.89722; -8.47000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cork
Corcaigh
City
From top, left to right: City Hall, the English Market, Quadrangle in UCC, the River Lee, Shandon Steeple
From top, left to right: City Hall, the English Market, Quadrangle in UCC, the River Lee, Shandon Steeple
Coat of arms of Cork
Coat of arms
Nicknames: 
The Rebel City, Leeside, The Real Capital
Motto(s): 
Latin: Statio Bene Fida Carinis
"A safe harbour for ships"[1][2]
Location of Cork
Cork is located in Ireland
Cork
Cork
Location within Ireland
Cork is located in Europe
Cork
Cork
Location within Europe
Coordinates: 51°53′50″N 8°28′12″W / 51.89722°N 8.47000°W / 51.89722; -8.47000
StateIreland
ProvinceMunster
RegionSouthern
CountyCork
Founded6th century AD
City rights1185 AD
Government
 • Local authorityCork City Council
 • Lord MayorKieran McCarthy (Ind)
 • Local electoral areas
  • Cork City North West

    Cork City North East Cork City South Central Cork City South East

    Cork City South West
 • Dáil constituency
 • European ParliamentSouth
Area
[3]
 • City187 km2 (72 sq mi)
 • Urban
174 km2 (67 sq mi)
 • Metro
820 km2 (320 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[5]
 • City224,004
 • Density1,188/km2 (3,080/sq mi)
 • Metro
 (2017)
305,222[4]
 • Demonym
Corkonian or Leesider
Time zoneUTC0 (WET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (IST)
Eircode
T12 and T23
Area code021
Vehicle index
mark code		C
WebsiteOfficial website Edit this at Wikidata
Map

Cork (Irish: Corcaigh [ˈkɔɾˠkəɟ], from corcach, meaning 'marsh')[6] is the second largest city in the Republic of Ireland, third largest on the island of Ireland, and largest in the province of Munster. At the 2022 census, it had a population of 224,004.[5]

The city centre is an island between two channels of the River Lee which meet downstream at its eastern end, where the quays and docks along the river lead outwards towards Lough Mahon and Cork Harbour, one of the largest natural harbours in the world.[7][8]

Originally founded in the 6th century as a monastic settlement, Cork was expanded by Viking invaders around 915. Its charter was granted by Prince John in 1185. Cork city was once fully walled, and the remnants of the old medieval town centre can be found around South and North Main streets. The city's cognomen of "the rebel city" originates in its support for the Yorkist cause in the Wars of the Roses.[9] Corkonians sometimes refer to the city as "the real capital",[10] a reference to its opposition to the Anglo-Irish Treaty in the Irish Civil War.[11]

History[edit]

Main article: History of Cork

Cork was originally a monastic settlement, reputedly founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century.[12] Cork became (more) urbanised some point between 915 and 922 when Norseman (Viking) settlers founded a trading port.[13] It has been proposed that, like Dublin, Cork was an important trading centre in the global Scandinavian trade network.[14] The ecclesiastical settlement continued alongside the Viking longphort, with the two developing a type of symbiotic relationship; the Norsemen providing otherwise unobtainable trade goods for the monastery, and perhaps also military aid.[15]

Map of 16th-century Cork
Patrick Street c. 1890–1900

The city's charter was granted by Prince John, as Lord of Ireland, in 1185.[16] The city was once fully walled, and some wall sections and gates remain today.[17] For much of the Middle Ages, Cork city was an outpost of Old English culture in the midst of a predominantly hostile Gaelic countryside and cut off from the English government in the Pale around Dublin. Neighbouring Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman lords extorted "Black Rent" from the citizens to keep them from attacking the city. The present extent of the city has exceeded the medieval boundaries of the Barony of Cork City; it now takes in much of the neighbouring Barony of Cork. Together, these baronies are located between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south.

Workers clearing rubble on St Patrick's street following the Burning of Cork.

The city's municipal government was dominated by about 12–15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe – in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine.

The medieval population of Cork was about 2,100 people. It suffered a severe blow in 1349 when almost half the townspeople died of plague when the Black Death arrived in the town. In 1491, Cork played a part in the English Wars of the Roses when Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English throne, landed in the city and tried to recruit support for a plot to overthrow Henry VII of England. The then-mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England but when the rebellion collapsed they were all captured and executed.

The title of Mayor of Cork was established by royal charter in 1318, and the title was changed to Lord Mayor in 1900 following the knighthood of the incumbent mayor by Queen Victoria on her visit to the city.[18]

Since the nineteenth century, Cork had been a strongly Irish nationalist city, with widespread support for Irish Home Rule, and the Irish Parliamentary Party, but from 1910 stood firmly behind William O'Brien's dissident All-for-Ireland Party. O'Brien published a third local newspaper, the Cork Free Press. Cork was overtaken by Belfast as Ireland's second-largest city in the nineteenth century.

In the War of Independence, the centre of Cork was burnt down by the British Black and Tans,[19] in an event known as the "Burning of Cork"[19] and saw fierce fighting between Irish guerrillas and UK forces. During the Irish Civil War, Cork was for a time held by anti-Treaty forces, until it was retaken by the pro-Treaty National Army in an attack from the sea.

City boundary[edit]

Further information: 2019 Cork boundary change

The boundary was expanded in 1840, in 1955 and in 1965.[20][21] [22]

In 2018, cabinet approval was given for a further extension of the Cork City boundary, to include Cork Airport, Douglas, Ballincollig and other surrounding areas.[23][24] Legislation to expand the boundary of the city, which would increase its area to 187 km2 (72 sq mi) and the population within its bounds from 125,000 to 210,000,[25] was debated and approved in Dáil Éireann in June 2018.[26] Corresponding legislation was drafted during July 2018,[24] and enacted as part of the Local Government Act 2019.[27][28] The boundary change occurred on 31 May 2019, following the 2019 local elections.[3][29]

Climate[edit]

The climate of Cork, like the majority of Ireland, is mild oceanic (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification) and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. Cork lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b. Met Éireann maintains a climatological weather station at Cork Airport,[30] a few kilometres south of the city centre. The airport is at an altitude of 151 metres (495 ft) and temperatures can often differ by a few degrees between the airport and the rest of the city. There are also smaller synoptic weather stations at UCC and Clover Hill.[30] Due to its position on the coast, Cork city is subject to occasional flooding.[31]

Temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) or above 25 °C (77 °F) are rare. Cork Airport records an average of 1,227.9 millimetres (48.34 in) of precipitation annually, most of which is rain.[32] The airport records an average of 7 days of hail and 11 days of snow or sleet a year; though it only records lying snow for 2 days of the year. The low altitude of the city, and moderating influences of the harbour, mean that lying snow very rarely occurs in the city itself. There are on average 204 "rainy" days a year (over 0.2 millimetres (0.008 in) of rainfall), of which there are 73 days with "heavy rain" (over 5 millimetres (0.2 in)).[32] Cork is also a generally foggy city, with an average of 97 days of fog a year, most common during mornings and winter. Despite this, however, Cork is also one of Ireland's sunniest cities, with an average of 3.9 hours of sunshine every day and only having 67 days where there is no "recordable sunshine", mostly during and around winter.[32]

Climate data for Cork Airport (ORK) weather station (ICAO code: EICK, WMO identifier: 03955), 153m amsl, 1981−2010 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.1
(61.0) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.7
(60.3) 		21.2
(70.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		27.5
(81.5) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.3
(82.9) 		24.7
(76.5) 		21.4
(70.5) 		16.2
(61.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		28.7
(83.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.2
(46.8) 		8.3
(46.9) 		9.9
(49.8) 		11.8
(53.2) 		14.4
(57.9) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.7
(65.7) 		18.5
(65.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		13.2
(55.8) 		10.3
(50.5) 		8.5
(47.3) 		12.9
(55.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.6
(42.1) 		5.7
(42.3) 		6.9
(44.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.5
(56.3) 		15.3
(59.5) 		15.2
(59.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		10.5
(50.9) 		7.8
(46.0) 		6.1
(43.0) 		9.9
(49.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4) 		3.1
(37.6) 		4.0
(39.2) 		4.9
(40.8) 		7.4
(45.3) 		10.0
(50.0) 		11.8
(53.2) 		11.8
(53.2) 		10.2
(50.4) 		7.7
(45.9) 		5.2
(41.4) 		3.7
(38.7) 		6.9
(44.4)
Record low °C (°F) −8.5
(16.7) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		2.4
(36.3) 		4.8
(40.6) 		4.9
(40.8) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−8.6
(16.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 131.4
(5.17) 		97.8
(3.85) 		97.6
(3.84) 		76.5
(3.01) 		82.3
(3.24) 		80.9
(3.19) 		78.8
(3.10) 		96.8
(3.81) 		94.6
(3.72) 		138.2
(5.44) 		120.0
(4.72) 		133.1
(5.24) 		1,227.9
(48.34)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 16 13 14 11 12 10 10 11 11 15 14 15 152
Average snowy days 3.1 3.1 2.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.2 11.3
Average relative humidity (%) (at 15:00 UTC) 83.7 78.9 75.5 71.3 70.9 71.5 72.9 72.8 75.4 80.4 83.4 85.4 76.8
Average dew point °C (°F) 4
(39) 		4
(39) 		4
(39) 		5
(41) 		8
(46) 		10
(50) 		12
(54) 		12
(54) 		11
(52) 		9
(48) 		6
(43) 		5
(41) 		8
(46)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 55.8 67.8 102.3 159.0 192.2 174.0 167.4 161.2 129.0 93.0 69.0 57.2 1,427.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 1.8 2.4 3.3 5.3 6.2 5.8 5.4 5.2 4.3 3.0 2.3 1.7 3.9
Source 1: Met Éireann[33][34][35]
Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints, between 1985−2015)[36][37]

Culture[edit]

The Lewis Glucksman Gallery at UCC
Crawford Art Gallery

The Cork School of Music and the Crawford College of Art and Design provide a throughput of new blood, as do the theatre components of several courses at University College Cork (UCC). Important elements in the cultural life of the city include: Corcadorca Theatre Company, of which Cillian Murphy was a troupe member[38] prior to Hollywood fame; the Institute for Choreography and Dance, a national contemporary dance resource;[39] the Triskel Arts Centre (capacity c.90), which includes the Triskel Christchurch independent cinema; dance venue the Firkin Crane (capacity c.240); the Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA), Montfort College of Performing Arts, and Graffiti Theatre Company;[40] and the Cork Jazz Festival, Cork Film Festival[41] and Live at the Marquee events.[citation needed] The Everyman Palace Theatre (capacity c.650) and the Granary Theatre (capacity c.150) both host plays throughout the year.

Cork is home to the RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet, and popular rock musicians and bands including John Spillane, Rory Gallagher, Five Go Down to the Sea?, Microdisney, The Frank and Walters, Sultans of Ping, Simple Kid, Fred and Mick Flannery. The opera singers Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy are also Cork born.

Street Art in the city celebrating the so called "People's Republic of Cork".

Ranging in capacity from 50 to 1,000, the main music venues in the city are the Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), The Everyman, Cork Arts Theatre, Cyprus Avenue, Dali, Triskel Christchurch, The Roundy, and Coughlan's.[42]

The city's literary community centres on the Munster Literature Centre and the Triskel Arts Centre.[43] The short story writers Frank O'Connor and Seán Ó Faoláin hailed from Cork, and contemporary writers include Thomas McCarthy, Gerry Murphy, and novelist and poet William Wall.

Additions to the arts infrastructure include modern additions to the Crawford Municipal Art Gallery and renovations to the Cork Opera House in the early 21st century.[44] The Lewis Glucksman Gallery opened in the Autumn of 2004 at UCC, was nominated for the Stirling Prize in the United Kingdom, and the building of a new €60 million School of Music was completed in September 2007.

Cork was the European Capital of Culture for 2005, and in 2009 was included in the Lonely Planet's top 10 "Best in Travel 2010". The guide described Cork as being "at the top of its game: sophisticated, vibrant and diverse".[45]

There is a "friendly rivalry" between Cork and Dublin,[46][47] similar to the rivalry between Manchester and London or Melbourne and Sydney.[48][49] Some Corkonians view themselves as different from the rest of Ireland, and refer to themselves as "The Rebels"; the county is known as the "Rebel County". This view sometimes manifests itself in humorous references to the Real Capital[48] and the propagation of t-shirts and street art celebrating the fictional The People's Republic of Cork[50][51]

Food[edit]

The English Market

The city has many local traditions in food, including crubeens, tripe and drisheen, which were historically served in eating houses like those run by Katty Barry in the mid-20th century.[52] The English Market sells locally produced foods, including fresh fish, meats, fruit and vegetables, eggs and artisan cheeses and breads. During certain city festivals, food stalls are also sometimes erected on city streets such as St. Patrick's Street or Grand Parade.[53]

In September 2021, the food hall Marina Market was established in the docklands area of the city. A former warehouse, the Marina Market is an indoor, open-air space in which food vendors operate, and also incorporates an events space.[54]

Accent[edit]

The Cork accent, part of the Southwest dialect of Hiberno-English, displays various features which set it apart from other accents in Ireland. Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall, with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched than other Irish accents. English spoken in Cork has several dialect words that are peculiar to the city and environs. Like standard Hiberno-English, some of these words originate from the Irish language, but others through other languages Cork's inhabitants encountered at home and abroad.[55] The Cork accent displays varying degrees of rhoticity, usually indicative of the speaker's local community.

Media[edit]

Broadcasting[edit]

RTÉ's Cork studios

Broadcasting companies based in Cork include RTÉ Cork, which has a radio, television and production unit on Father Matthew Street in the city centre. Communicorp Media opened a radio studio in 2019 in the city covering content on both Today FM and Newstalk.[56]

The city's FM radio band features RTÉ Radio 1, RTÉ 2fm, RTÉ lyric fm, RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta, Today FM, Classic Hits, Newstalk and the religious station Spirit Radio. There are also local stations such as Cork's 96FM, Cork's Red FM, C103, CUH 102.0FM, UCC 98.3FM (formerly Cork Campus Radio 97.4fm)[57] and Christian radio station Life 93.1FM.[58] Cork also has a temporary licensed citywide community station 'Cork FM Community Radio' on 100.5FM, which is on-air on Saturdays and Sundays only. Cork has also been home to pirate radio stations, including South Coast Radio and ERI in the 1980s. Today some small pirate stations remain.[citation needed]

Print[edit]

Cork is home to one of Ireland's main national newspapers, the Irish Examiner (formerly the Cork Examiner). Its ''sister paper'', The Echo (formerly the Evening Echo), was for decades connected to the "Echo boys", who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper.[citation needed] Today, the shouts of the vendors selling The Echo can still be heard in parts of the city centre. One of the biggest free newspapers in the city is the Cork Independent.[59] The city's university publishes the UCC Express and Motley magazine.[60][61]

Places of interest[edit]

Further information: List of public art in Cork city
St. Anne's Shandon

Cork features architecturally notable buildings originating from the Medieval to Modern periods.[62] The only notable remnant of the Medieval era is the Red Abbey. There are two cathedrals in the city; St. Mary's Cathedral and Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral. St Mary's Cathedral often referred to as the North Cathedral, is the Catholic cathedral of the city and was begun in 1808. Its distinctive tower was added in the 1860s. St Fin Barre's Cathedral serves the Church of Ireland (Anglican) and is possibly the more famous of the two. It is built on the foundations of an earlier cathedral. Work began in 1862 and ended in 1879 under the direction of architect William Burges.

St. Patrick's Street, the main street of the city which was remodelled in the mid-2000s is known for the architecture of the buildings along its pedestrian-friendly route and is the main shopping thoroughfare. At its northern end is a landmark statue of Father Mathew. The reason for its curved shape is that it was originally a channel of the River Lee which was built over arches.[63] The General Post Office, with its limestone façade, is on Oliver Plunkett Street, on the site of the Theatre Royal which was built in 1760 and burned down in 1840. The English circus proprietor Pablo Fanque rebuilt an amphitheatre on the spot in 1850, which was subsequently transformed into a theatre and then into the present General Post Office in 1877.[64][65] The Grand Parade is a tree-lined avenue, home to offices, shops and financial institutions. The old financial centre is the South Mall, with several banks whose interiors derive from the 19th century, such as the interior of the Allied Irish Bank which was once an exchange.

Cork County Hall

Many of the city's buildings are in the Georgian style, although there are a number of examples of modern landmark structures, such as County Hall tower, which was, at one time the tallest building in Ireland[66] until being superseded by another Cork building: The Elysian. Outside the County Hall is the landmark sculpture of two men, known locally as 'Cha and Miah'. Across the river from County Hall is Ireland's longest building;[67] built in Victorian times, Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital has now been partially renovated and converted into a residential housing complex called Atkins Hall, after its architect William Atkins.[68]

Cork's most famous building is the church tower of Shandon, which dominates the Northside of the city. It is widely regarded as the symbol of the city. The North and East sides are faced in red sandstone, and the West and South sides are clad in the predominant stone of the region, white limestone. At the top sits a weather vane in the form of an eleven-foot salmon.[69] Another site in Shandon is Skiddy's Almshouse, which was built in the 18th century to provide a home to the poorest of the city.

Cork City Hall replaced the hall destroyed by the Black and Tans during the War of Independence in an event known as the "Burning of Cork".[19] The cost of this new building was provided by the UK Government in the 1930s as a gesture of reconciliation.[70]

The courthouse in Washington Street

Other notable places include Elizabeth Fort, the Cork Opera House, Christ Church on South Main Street (now the Triskel Arts Centre and the original site of early Hiberno-Norse church), and St Mary's Dominican Church on Popes Quay. Other popular tourist attractions include the grounds of University College Cork, through which the River Lee flows, the Women's Gaol at Sunday's Well (now a heritage centre) and the English Market. This covered market traces its origins back to 1610, and the present building dates from 1786.[71]

Parks and amenity spaces include Fitzgerald's Park to the west of the city (which contains the Cork Public Museum), the angling lake known as The Lough, Bishop Lucey Park (which is centrally located and contains a portion of the old city wall) and the Marina and Atlantic Pond (an avenue and amenity near Blackrock used by joggers, runners and rowing clubs).[72][73][74][75]

Up until April 2009, there were also two large commercial breweries in the city. The Beamish and Crawford on South Main Street closed in April 2009 and transferred production to the Murphy's brewery in Lady's Well. This brewery also produces Heineken for the Irish market. There is also the Franciscan Well brewery, which started as an independent brewery in 1998 but has since been acquired by Coors.

Local government and politics[edit]

Cork City Hall

With a population of over 222,000[5] Cork is the second-most populous city in the State and the 16th-most populous local government area.[76]

Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, it was made a county borough, governed by a county borough corporation. This was altered by the Local Government Act 2001, under each of the five county boroughs became designated as cities, governed by city councils. Cork City Council is a tier-1 entity of local government with the same status in law as a county council.

While the local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries, the council has responsibility for planning, roads, sanitation, libraries, street lighting, parks, and several other important functions. Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral areas. As of the 2019 Cork City Council election, the political representation is: Fianna Fáil (8 members), Fine Gael (7 members), Green Party (4 members), Sinn Féin (4 members), Labour (1 member), People Before Profit–Solidarity (1 member), Workers' Party (1 member), Independents (5 members).[77] Certain councillors are co-opted to represent the city at the South-West Regional Authority. A new Lord Mayor of Cork is chosen in a vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count.[78][79] Since June 2023, the mayor has been Kieran McCarthy.[80]

Cork City Hall is located along Albert Quay on the south side of the city. It officially opened on 8 September 1936, following the previous building being destroyed in the "Burning of Cork" in 1920. The administrative offices for Cork County Council are also located within the city limits, on the Carrigrohane Road on the west side of the city.[81]

National politics[edit]

For elections to Dáil Éireann, the city is part of two constituencies: Cork North-Central and Cork South-Central which each returns four TDs. Since the 2020 general election, these constituencies are represented by three Fianna Fáil TDs, two TDs Fine Gael TDs, two Sinn Féin TDs and one People Before Profit–Solidarity TD.

Historically, the city was represented in the Dáil by Cork City from 1977 to 1981, by the two constituencies of Cork City North-West and Cork City South-East from 1969 to 1977, and by Cork Borough from 1921 to 1969. In the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, it was represented by Cork City from 1801 to 1922, and the Irish House of Commons, it was represented by Cork City from 1264 to 1800.

Economy[edit]

Main article: Economy of Cork

Retail[edit]

The retail trade in Cork city includes a mix of modern shopping centres and family-owned local shops. Shopping centres can be found in several of Cork's suburbs, including Blackpool, Ballincollig, Douglas, Ballyvolane, Wilton and at Mahon Point Shopping Centre.

Patrick's Street, Cork's main shopping street

Other shopping arcades are in the city centre, including the "Cornmarket Centre" on Cornmarket Street, "Merchant's Quay Shopping Centre" on Merchant's Quay, home to Debenhams, Dunnes Stores and Marks & Spencer, and a retail street called Opera Lane off St. Patrick's Street/Academy Street. A mixed retail and office development, on the site of the former Capitol Cineplex, with approximately 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) of retail space, was opened in June 2017.[82][83] Retail tenants in this development include Facebook, AlienVault and Huawei.[84][85]

Cork's main shopping street is St. Patrick's Street and is the most expensive in the country per sq. metre after Dublin's Grafton Street. The area was impacted by the post-2008 downturn, though retail growth has increased since, with Penneys announcing expansion plans in 2015,[86] redesigning of some facades on the street,[87] and opening of newer outlets, including Superdry in 2015.[88] Other shopping areas in the city centre include Oliver Plunkett St. and Grand Parade. Cork is home to some of the country's leading department stores with the foundations of shops such as Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores being laid in the city.

Industry[edit]

Murphys Stout, 1919 advert for the Cork brewery

Cork City is a hub of industry in the region.[89] Several pharmaceutical companies have invested heavily in the area, including American companies Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson and Swiss company Novartis.[90] Perhaps the most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where over 3,000 staff are involved in manufacturing, R&D and customer support.[91] Logitech and EMC Corporation are also important IT employers in the area.[92][93] Three hospitals are also among the top ten employers in the city.[94]

The city is also home to the Heineken Brewery that brews Murphy's Irish Stout and the nearby Beamish and Crawford brewery (taken over by Heineken in 2008) which have been in the city for generations. 45% of the world's Tic Tac sweets are manufactured at the city's Ferrero factory.[95] For many years, Cork was the home to Ford Motor Company, which manufactured cars in the docklands area before the plant was closed in 1984. Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork, which was one of the main reasons for opening up the manufacturing facility in Cork.[96] Technology has since replaced the older manufacturing businesses of the 1970s and 1980s, with people now working at several IT companies across the city area – such as Amazon.com, the online retailer, which has offices at Cork Airport Business Park.[97]

Cork's deep harbour allows large ships to enter, bringing trade and easy import/export of products. Cork Airport also allows easy access to continental Europe and Cork Kent railway station in the city centre provides good rail links for domestic trade.

Employment[edit]

According to the 2011 Cork City Employment & Land Use Survey, the single largest employers in the city (all with over 1,000 employees) include Cork University Hospital, Apple Inc, University College Cork, Boston Scientific, Cork City Council, Cork Institute of Technology, Bon Secours Hospital, Cork, retailers Supervalu and Centra, the Irish Defence Forces at Collins Barracks, and the Mercy University Hospital.[94]

Transport[edit]

Air[edit]

Cork Airport
Main article: Cork Airport

Cork Airport is the second busiest airport in the Republic of Ireland and is situated on the south side of Cork city close to Ballygarvan. Nine airlines fly to more than 45 destinations in Europe.[98] Scheduled airlines using Cork airport include Aer Lingus, Aer Lingus Regional, Air France, KLM, Lufthansa, Ryanair and Swiss International Air Lines.[99]

Bus[edit]

The main bus terminal at Parnell Place

Public bus services within the city are provided by the national bus operator Bus Éireann. City routes are numbered 201 through 226 and connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest.[100] Prior to 2011 city routes were numbered 1 through 19, however the introduction of real-time bus signage required the move to the 2xx namespace.[101] Two of these bus routes provide orbital services across the Northern and Southern districts of the city respectively. Buses to the outer suburbs and towns, such as Ballincollig, Glanmire, Midleton and Carrigaline are provided from the city's bus terminal at Parnell Place in the city centre. Suburban services also include shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only.

The first 24-hour bus in Ireland, route 220, was initiated in Cork in January 2019.[102][103] The 220 links the two major satellite towns of Ballincollig and Carrigaline with the city centre and operates once an hour between the hours of 01:30 - 05:30.[104] One year after 24-hour service commenced, Bus Éireann announced they had witnessed a 70% growth in passenger numbers on the route, resulting in 1.3 million customer journeys.[102] Local politicians have called for the introduction of further 24 hour bus routes in the city owing to the success of the 220.[103][105][106]

Following the initial rollout of the BusConnects project in Dublin, as of October 2022 the National Transport Authority (NTA) were in a consultation process for similar changes in Cork.[107] The NTA proposed the development of twelve bus corridors linking Cork city centre with several suburbs, with proposed 'bus gates' in several areas and a trebling of active bus lanes in the Cork area.[citation needed] While the NTA said that they were applying lessons learned from the Dublin scheme, some Cork homeowners voiced concerns over proposed bus corridors and the possibility of losing parts of their gardens and on-street parking, the risk of devaluation of their homes, worries about the impact of construction on the structural integrity of their homes, the loss of hundreds of trees along roads, and the impact on trade which may arise from reduced on-street parking.[107] In an Irish Examiner article from October 2022, it was noted that at least one of the draft proposals, to build a road bridge over Ballybrack Woods in Douglas, had already been dropped.[107] In November 2023, the scheme entered a third and final round of public consultation, with several infrastructural projects added to the scheme, including a bus interchange at Cork University Hospital.[citation needed]

Long-distance buses depart from the bus terminal in Parnell Place to destinations throughout Ireland. Hourly services run to Killarney/Tralee, Waterford, Athlone and Shannon Airport/Ennis/Limerick/Galway and there are six services daily to Dublin.

Private operators include Irish Citylink, Aircoach and Dublin Coach. Irish Citylink serves Limerick and Galway. Aircoach operates an Express non-stop service which serves Dublin City Centre and Dublin Airport 18 times daily in each direction. Dublin Coach serves Dublin via Waterford , Kilkenny and Red Cow.

Harbour and waterways[edit]

See also: Port of Cork

The Cross River Ferry, from Rushbrooke to Passage West, links the R624 to R610. This service is used by some commuters to avoid traffic in the Jack Lynch Tunnel and Dunkettle area.[108] The Port of Cork is situated at Ringaskiddy, 16 kilometres (10 miles) SE via the N28. Brittany Ferries operates direct car ferry services from Cork to Roscoff in France.[109]

Road[edit]

St. Patrick's Bridge

The city's road infrastructure improved in the late 20th and early 21st century, including the early 1980s construction of the Cork South Link dual carriageway which links the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre. Shortly after, the first sections of the South Ring dual carriageway were opened. Work continued extending the N25 South Ring Road through the 1990s, culminating in the opening of the Jack Lynch Tunnel under the River Lee. The Kinsale Road flyover opened in August 2006 to remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney. Other projects completed at this time include the N20 Blackpool bypass and the N20 Cork to Mallow road projects. The N22 Ballincollig dual carriageway bypass, which links to the Western end of the Cork Southern Ring road was opened in September 2004. City centre road improvements include the Patrick Street project – which reconstructed the street with a pedestrian focus. The M8 motorway links Cork with Dublin.

From 2012, cycle paths and bike stands were added in a number of areas.[110] Subsequently, in 2014, a public bicycle rental scheme was launched. The scheme is operated by An Rothar Nua on behalf of the National Transport Authority, with funding supplemented by an advertising sponsor.[111] The scheme supports 330 bikes with 31 stations placed around the city for paid public use.[112]

Rail[edit]

Railway and tramway heritage[edit]

Cork was one of the most rail-oriented cities in Ireland, featuring eight stations at various times. The main route, still much the same today, is from Dublin Heuston. Originally terminating on the city's outskirts at Blackpool, the route now reaches the city centre terminus of Kent Station via the Glanmire tunnel and Kilnap Viaduct.[113] Now a through station, the line through Kent connects the towns of Cobh and Midleton east of the city. This also connected to the seaside town of Youghal, until the 1980s.[114]

Glanmire Road Station (now called Kent Station) c. the 1890s

Other rail routes terminating or traversing Cork city were the Cork, Blackrock and Passage Railway, a line to Macroom, the Cork and Muskerry Light Railway to Blarney, Coachford and Donoughmore, as well as the Cork, Bandon and South Coast Railway connecting Bantry, Skibbereen, Clonakilty and many other West Cork towns. West Cork trains terminated at Albert Quay, across the river from Kent Station (though an on-street rail system connected the two for rolling stock and cargo movement). There have been two tram networks in operation Within the city. A proposal to develop a horse-drawn tram (linking the city's railway termini) was made by American George Francis Train in the 1860s and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company. However, the company ceased trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line.[115]

In December 1898, the Cork Electric Tramways and Lighting Company began operating on the Blackpool–Douglas, Summerhill–Sunday's Well and Tivoli–Blackrock routes. Increased usage of cars and buses in the 1920s led to a reduction in the use of trams, which discontinued operations permanently on 30 September 1931.

The wider city area, including the city's suburbs, is served by three railway stations. These are Cork Kent railway station, Little Island railway station and Glounthaune railway station.

Current routes[edit]

Cork's Kent Station is the main railway station in the city. From here, Irish Rail services run to destinations all over Ireland. The main line from Cork to Dublin has hourly departures on the half-hour from Cork, and is linked from Limerick Junction with connections to Clonmel and Waterford. InterCity services are also available to Killarney and Tralee, and to Limerick, Ennis, Athenry and Galway (via Limerick Junction and the Limerick to Galway railway line).[116]

The Cork Suburban Rail system also departs from Kent Station and provides connections to parts of Metropolitan Cork. Stations include Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota and Cobh. In July 2009 the Glounthaune to Midleton line was reopened, with new stations at Carrigtwohill and Midleton (and additional stations proposed for Blarney and elsewhere).[117] Little Island railway station serves Cork's Eastern Suburbs.

Education[edit]

The Quad at University College Cork
See also: Category:Education in Cork (city) and Category:Secondary schools in County Cork

Cork is an important educational centre in Ireland – There are over 35,000 third-level students in the city, meaning the city has a higher ratio of students in the population than the national average.[118] Over 10% of the population of the Metropolitan area are students in University College Cork (UCC) and Munster Technological University, (MTU), including nearly 3,000 international students from over 100 countries.[119] UCC is a constituent university of the National University of Ireland and offers courses in arts, commerce, engineering, law, medicine and science. It has been named "Irish University of the Year" four times since 2003, most recently in 2016.[120] Munster Technological University (MTU) - formerly Cork Institute of Technology (CIT) - was named Irish "Institute of Technology of the Year" in 2007, 2010 and 2016 and offers third-level courses in Computing and IT, Business, Humanities and Engineering (Mechanical, Electronic, Electrical, and Chemical).

The National Maritime College of Ireland is located in Cork and is the only Irish college in which Nautical Studies and Marine Engineering can be undertaken. MTU incorporates the Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design as constituent schools. The Cork College of Commerce is the largest 'College of Further Education' in Ireland.[121] Other 3rd level institutions include Griffith College Cork, a private institution, and various other colleges.

Research institutes linked to the third-level colleges in the city support the research and innovation capacity of the city and region. Examples include the Tyndall National Institute (ICT hardware research), IMERC (Marine Energy), Environmental Research Institute, NIMBUS (Network Embedded Systems); and CREATE (Advanced Therapeutic Engineering).[119] UCC and CIT also have start-up company incubation centres. At UCC, the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre aims to foster and support entrepreneurship.[122] In CIT, The Rubicon Centre is a business innovation hub that is home to 57 knowledge based start-up companies.[123]

Sport[edit]

See also: List of Cork people – Sports

Rugby, Gaelic football, hurling and association football are popular sporting pastimes for Corkonians.

Gaelic games[edit]

Spectators watch Cork take on Kerry at the Páirc Uí Chaoimh in the city (since redeveloped)
Main article: Cork GAA

Hurling and football are the most popular spectator sports in the city. Hurling has a strong identity with city and county – with Cork winning 30 All-Ireland Championships. Gaelic football is also popular, and Cork has won 7 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles. Cork is the only county that has won both championships at least 7 times and the only one that has won both in the 21st century. There are many Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in Cork City, including Blackrock National Hurling Club, St. Finbarr's, Glen Rovers, Na Piarsaigh, Nemo Rangers and Douglas GAA. The main public venues are Páirc Uí Chaoimh and Páirc Uí Rinn (named after the noted Glen Rovers player Christy Ring). Camogie (hurling for ladies) and women's Gaelic football are increasing in popularity.

Association football[edit]

Main article: League of Ireland in Cork city

Cork City F.C. are the largest and most successful association football team in Cork, winning three League of Ireland titles, four FAI Cup titles, and one "All Ireland" Setanta Sports Cup title. They play their home games on the south side of the city in Turners Cross. Several, now defunct, Cork clubs played in the League of Ireland before 1984. In total, teams from the city have won the league 12 times. Association football is also played by amateur and school clubs across the city, as well as in "five-a-side" style leagues.

Rugby[edit]

Rugby union is played at various levels, from school to senior league level. There are two first-division clubs in Cork city. Cork Constitution (five-time All Ireland League Champions) play their home games in Ballintemple and Dolphin R.F.C. play at home in Musgrave Park. Other notable rugby clubs in the city include Highfield, Sunday's Well and UCC. At the school level, Christian Brothers College and Presentation Brothers College are two of the country's better-known rugby nurseries.

Munster Rugby plays a number of its home matches in the Pro14 at Musgrave Park in Ballyphehane. In the past Heineken Cup matches have also been played at Musgrave Park, but most of these are now played at Thomond Park in Limerick. In May 2006 and again in May 2008 Munster became the Heineken Cup champions, with many players hailing from Cork city and county.

Water sports[edit]

There are a variety of watersports in Cork, including rowing and sailing. There are five rowing clubs training on the river Lee, including Shandon BC, UCC RC, Pres RC, Lee RC, and Cork BC. Naomhóga Chorcaí is a rowing club whose members row traditional naomhóga on the Lee in occasional competitions. The "Ocean to City" race has been held annually since 2005 and attracts teams and boats from local and visiting clubs who row the 24 kilometres (15 mi) from Crosshaven into Cork city centre.[124] The National Rowing Center was moved to Inniscarra – approximately 12 km outside the city centre – in 2007.[125] Cork's maritime sailing heritage is maintained through its sailing clubs. The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven (outside the city) is the world's oldest yacht club, and "Cork Week" is a notable sailing event.[126]

Cricket[edit]

Mardyke, the home of Cork County Cricket Club

The most notable cricket club in Cork is Cork County Cricket Club, which was formed in 1874. Although located within the Munster jurisdiction, the club plays in the Leinster Senior League.[127] The club plays at the Mardyke, a ground which has hosted three first-class matches in 1947, 1961 and 1973. All three involved Ireland playing Scotland.[128] The Cork Cricket Academy operates within the city, with the stated aim of introducing the sport to schools in the city and county.[129] Cork's other main cricket club, Harlequins Cricket Club, play close to Cork Airport.[130] The provincial representative side, the Munster Reds, plays its home matches in the Twenty20 Inter-Provincial Trophy at the Mardyke Cricket Ground.[citation needed]

Other sports[edit]

The city contains clubs active in national competitions in basketball (Neptune and UCC Demons), American football (Cork Admirals). There are also golf, inline hockey,[131][132] hockey, pitch and putt, tennis, and athletics clubs in the Cork area.

The area is the home of road bowling, which is played in the north-side and southwest suburbs.[citation needed] There are boxing and martial arts clubs (including Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo) within the city, while the sports-based performance art of professional wrestling maintains a presence via local promotion Phoenix Wrestling. Cork Racing, a motorsport team based in Cork,[133] has raced in the Irish Formula Ford Championship since 2005. Cork also hosts one of Ireland's most successful Australian Rules Football teams,[134] the Leeside Lions, who have won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership several times.[134][135]

Twin cities[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Ireland

Cork is twinned with Cologne, Coventry, Rennes, San Francisco, Swansea and Shanghai.[136] As of February 2017, the city council was also in talks to twin with Bordeaux, Saint Petersburg and Miami.[137]

Demographics[edit]

The population of Cork City and its suburbs was recorded as 208,669 by the 2016 census,[145] with in excess of 300,000 in the Metropolitan Cork area.[146] Following the 2019 boundary extension, final results for the City from the 2022 census of Ireland showed a population of 224,004 people.[5]

Main immigrant groups (2011)[147]
Nationality Population
 Poland 6,822
 United Kingdom 3,075
 Lithuania 1,126
 France 960
 Germany 866
 India 824
 Nigeria 640
 Hungary 543
 Slovakia 523
 Spain 520

There were 119,230 people present in the Cork City Council-administered area at the time of the 2011 census, of these 117,221 indicated that they were usually present in Cork. In common with other Irish urban centres, the female population (50.67%) was higher than the male population (49.33%), although the gap is somewhat smaller than in other cities.

In the 2011 census, of those usually resident, 100,901 (86.08%) were Irish citizens; 10,295 (8.78%) were citizens of other EU countries; 4,316 (3.68%) were citizens of countries elsewhere in the world; 1,709 (1.46%) did not state their citizenship.[148] By the 2016 census, the population of the city and suburbs were 81% white Irish, 10% other white, 1.4% black/black Irish, 2.5% Asian/Asian Irish, 1.7% other, with 2.6% not stating an ethnicity. [149]

By the 2022 census, the population of the city and suburbs were 74.4% white Irish, 9.9% other white, 1.47% black/black Irish, 4.1% Asian/Asian Irish, 2.3% other, with 7.1% not stating an ethnicity[150]

In terms of religion, the 2016 population was 76.4% Catholic, 8.1% other stated religion, with 12.8% having no religion and 2.7% not stated.[149] In the 2011 and 2016 censuses, Roman Catholicism was the most common religion in the city overall, followed by Anglicanism, Presbyterianism, and Islam.[151] As of the 2016 census, an increasing number of residents (15%) indicated that they had no religion[152] – a higher rate of increase and a higher overall percentage than the national average (10%).[153][154] By the 2022 census, Catholics represented 65% of the population, 9% were other religions and 26% either had no religion or stated no religion.[5] While Cork saw some Jewish immigration from Eastern Europe in the 19th century,[155] with second-generation immigrants like Gerald Goldberg holding public office, the community later declined and the synagogue closed.[156][157] Later immigrant communities retain their places of worship.[158][159]

Notable residents[edit]

See also: List of Cork people

References[edit]

  1. ^ statiō bene fīdā carīnīs: literally "a good trust-station for keels", adapted by inversion from Virgil's Aeneid (II, 23: statio male fida carinis, "an unsafe harbour"). Sometimes corrupted to "fide".
  2. ^ "Cork City Coat of Arms". Cork City Council. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  3. ^ a b "Cork City's population to grow by 85,000 and expand fivefold ... at midnight". irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. 30 May 2019. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  4. ^ "Cork 2050 Main Report" (PDF). Cork County Council. Cork County Council & Cork City Council. March 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Interactive Data Visualisations: Towns: Cork City and Suburbs". Census 2022. Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  6. ^ Patrick Weston Joyce (1923). Irish Local Names. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019 – via libraryireland.com.
  7. ^ "RTÉ Television – The Harbour". RTÉ.ie. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  8. ^ "Coastal & Marine Resources Centre – Cork Harbour Marine Life Research Project Report". Cmrc.ucc.ie. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  9. ^ John Paxton (2000), The Penguin encyclopedia of places (3 ed.), Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-051275-5
  10. ^ "Cork's small problem: the real issue for the real capital is its size". Irishtimes.com. 7 April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  11. ^ "The battle for Cork City, August 1922 – Interview with John Borgonovo". The Irish Story. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  12. ^ Ó Riain, Pádraig (1994). Beatha Bharra (Saint Finbarr of Cork: the Complete Life). Irish Texts Society. ISBN 1-870166-57-4.
  13. ^ Moody, T.W.; Martin, F.X.; Byrne, F.J.; Cosgrove, A.; Ó Cróinín, D. (1976). A New History of Ireland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821737-4.
  14. ^ Aughey, Arthur; Oakland, John (2013). Irish Civilization: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 69.
  15. ^ Michael A. Monk; John Sheehan (1998). Early Medieval Munster: Archaeology, History and Society. Cork University Press. p. 172.
  16. ^ "Your Council " Charters". Cork City Council. Archived from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  17. ^ "Cork City Council website – History – Walls of Cork". Corkcity.ie. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  18. ^ "Charters issued to Cork city". Cork City Council. Archived from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  19. ^ a b c "Cork City Library – History of Cork – The Burning of Cork". Corkpastandpresent.ie. 11 December 1920. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  20. ^ "History and Legislation". Cork City Council. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  21. ^ Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1955 (No. 1P of 1955). Enacted on 16 March 1955. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 3 January 2022.
  22. ^ Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1965 (No. 2P of 1965). Enacted on 29 June 1965. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 3 January 2022.
  23. ^ "County Hall spends more than €30,000 on legal advice on boundary changes". Evening Echo. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  24. ^ a b "Boundary increase for Cork City Council approved by Cabinet". The Irish Times. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  25. ^ "Cork City Council Boundary Extension 2019". corkcity.ie. Cork City Council. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  26. ^ "Bill set to give effect to Cork boundary extension". irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. 31 July 2018. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  27. ^ Local Government Act 2019 (No. 1 of 2019). Enacted on 25 January 2019. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 3 January 2022.
  28. ^ "Cork city boundary extension set for June". rte.ie. RTÉ News. 25 January 2019. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  29. ^ Local Government Act 2019 (Transfer Day) Order 2019 (S.I. No. 25 of 2019). Signed on 30 January 2019. Statutory Instrument of the Government of Ireland. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 3 January 2022.
  30. ^ a b "Met Éireann – Annual Report 2003" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  31. ^ Devoy, R.J.N. (2008). Coastal vulnerability and the implications of sea-level rise for Ireland (PDF) (Report). Journal of Coastal Research. pp. 327–331.
  32. ^ a b c "Met Éireann – The Irish Weather Service – 30 Year Averages – Cork Airport". Met.ie. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  33. ^ "Cork 1981–2010 averages". Met Éireann. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  34. ^ "Absolute Maximum Air Temperatures for each Month at Selected Stations" (PDF). Met Éireann. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  35. ^ "Absolute Minimum Air Temperatures for each Month at Selected Stations" (PDF). Met Éireann. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  36. ^ "Climate & Weather Averages at Cork Airport weather station". Time and Date. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  37. ^ "03955: Cork Airport (Ireland)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 12 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  38. ^ "Cillian Murphy – Other works". IMDb. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  39. ^ "Firkin Crane History". Firkin Crane. Archived from the original on 28 June 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  40. ^ "About the Graffiti Theatre Company". Graffiti.ie. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  41. ^ "Cork Film Festival Website". CorkFilmFest.org. Archived from the original on 6 December 1998. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  42. ^ "Cork: Traditional Irish Music Venues". Trip Advisor. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  43. ^ Gilmartin, Sarah (25 September 2015), "An evening for book lovers; Irish author listed for $100,000 award; Cork stories", The Irish Times, archived from the original on 29 January 2016, retrieved 22 June 2016
  44. ^ "Cork Opera House to reopen following major renovations". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 18 July 2000. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  45. ^ "Cork enters 'Lonely Planet' guide as top 10 place to visit". Irish Times. 11 November 2009. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
  46. ^ Fitzpatrick, Pat (2019). 101 Reasons Why Cork is Better Than Dublin. Mercier Press Ltd. ISBN 9781781176467.
  47. ^ "Cork". interstudies.com. InterStudies Ireland. Retrieved 1 December 2021. The city of Cork [...] enjoys a friendly rivalry with Dublin
  48. ^ a b "Go walkabout down the wine aisle to discover a wonder from down under". thetimes.co.uk. The Sunday Times. 28 October 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2021. The rivalry between Sydney and Melbourne is apparently as fierce as that between Dublin and the self-styled "real" capital of Ireland, Cork
  49. ^ Keohane, Kieran (2006). "The Accumulation of Cultural Capital in 'Cork: European City of Culture 2005'". The Irish Review (34): 130–154. doi:10.2307/29736302. JSTOR 29736302. As Manchester was to London, Lille was to Paris and Cork was to Dublin
  50. ^ "Welcome to the People's Republic of Cork". People's Republic of Cork. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  51. ^ McGrath Bryan, Mike (8 February 2022). "Up the walls: take a tour of Cork city's vibrant street-art scene with this online map". Irish Examiner. Cork. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  52. ^ "Calls to honour much-loved Cork character Kathy Barry". echolive.ie. The Echo. 29 September 2019. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  53. ^ "Cork Midsummer Festival 2010 – Feasta Food Fair". Corkmidsummer.com. 27 June 2010. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  54. ^ Kelleher, Olivia (19 November 2022). "'It's part of the city now': Cork's Marina Market 'ticks all the boxes'". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  55. ^ "Dialect Profile: The Cork Accent". Dialect Blog. 21 February 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  56. ^ "Today FM and Newstalk open new studio in Cork". TheJournal.ie. Journal Media. 24 January 2019. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  57. ^ "Cork Campus Radio". University College Cork. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  58. ^ "Life 93.1 FM, Cork". lifefm.ie. Life FM. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  59. ^ "Cork Independent". corkindependent.com. Cork Independent. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  60. ^ "Advertise in The UCC Express". CollegeNews.ie. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  61. ^ "About". motley.ie. Motley Magazine. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  62. ^ "Medieval Cork". enfo.ie. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008.
  63. ^ "Cork City Library – History of Cork – St Patrick's Street – Historic Outline". Corkpastandpresent.ie. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  64. ^ J.W. Flynn (1890). The random recollections of an old playgoer: A sketch of some old Cork theatres. Guy & Co. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  65. ^ Cork City Council. "Cork Past & Present: Cork's history, culture, places, people, and events". www.corkpastandpresent.ie. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  66. ^ "Cork County Council – About the "County Hall"". Corkcoco.ie. 12 June 1981. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  67. ^ Quinn, Claire (2 September 2017). "The longest building in Ireland – the Eglinton Asylum, Cork". Architecture Ireland. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  68. ^ "Architectural Heritage Listing - Atkin's Hall, Lee Road, Cork City". National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. 1 January 2018. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  69. ^ "Church of St. Anne Shandon". Shandonbells.ie. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  70. ^ "Cork City Hall". City Mayors. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  71. ^ "English Market – Activities – Shopping – Food Markets – All Ireland – Republic of Ireland – Cork – Cork City – Discover Ireland". discoverireland.ie. Archived from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
  72. ^ "Marina Park Master Plan > Services > – CorkCity.ie". www.corkcity.ie. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  73. ^ "Funding Approved for Marina Park and New Cork Bridge". Evening Echo. 19 January 2016. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016.
  74. ^ "Revamped Fitzgerald Park opens to public but Diarmuid Gavin 'not invited'". 17 May 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  75. ^ "Grease, outdoor cinema screening at Fitzgerald Park". Culture Fox. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  76. ^ Corry, Eoghan (2005). The GAA Book of Lists. Hodder Headline Ireland. pp. 186–191.
  77. ^ "Cork City Council Elected Members – Elected June 2014". Cork City Council. 1 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  78. ^ "New power-sharing deal 'opportunity to change' as Cllr Mary Shields elected". Irish Examiner Newspaper. 7 June 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  79. ^ "Cork city council opts for 'inclusive' d'Hondt system". Irish Times. 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  80. ^ "'It's not lost on me what this chain means': Councillor Kieran McCarthy elected as Lord Mayor of Cork". echolive. The Echo. 23 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  81. ^ "County Hall (Cork County Council)". Corkcoco.ie. 12 June 1981. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  82. ^ "Demolition under way at Capitol cinema site". Irish Examiner. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  83. ^ "Excitement in Cork as €50m Capitol welcomes its first shoppers". Irish Examiner. 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  84. ^ "Stores in The Capitol confirmed; Oyster Tavern to reopen". Irish Examiner. 26 March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  85. ^ "First business officially opened in new Capitol offices on Grand Parade Cork City by AlienVault". TheCork.ie. 11 May 2017. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
  86. ^ "Penneys' Big Plans For Patrick Street". Evening Echo. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  87. ^ "Cork set for multi-million euro retail rebuild". Irish Examiner. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  88. ^ "Superdry to open on Patrick's Street". Irish Times. 21 October 2015. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  89. ^ "IDA Ireland: Era of optimism with growth evident in all sectors". irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. 19 October 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020. The South-West Region [...] grew by 5% with Cork benefiting most from increased investment
  90. ^ Roche, Barry (27 July 2004). "350 new jobs for Cork under US firm's EUR700m investment". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016. Cork has seen a large concentration of [...] companies such as Pfizer, Novartis, Boston Scientific, Eli Lilly and Schering Plough, as well as Johnson & Johnson and GSK, all having significant operations in the area
  91. ^ Barker, Tommy (19 July 2012). "Apple boost for city". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  92. ^ Baker, Tommy (1 November 2012). "Logitech's safe landing". Commercial Property. Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  93. ^ Smith, Gordon (8 April 2011). "EMC extends its Cork research operations". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  94. ^ a b Cork City Employment & Land Use Survey 2011 (PDF) (Report). Cork City Council. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2017.
  95. ^ "Tic Tac in Ireland – Love Irish Food". Love Irish Food. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  96. ^ Nyhan, Miriam (2007). Are You Still Below?: The Ford Marina Plant, Cork, 1917–84. Collins Press. ISBN 978-1-905172-49-8.
  97. ^ IDA Press Release (23 April 2007). "Minister Martin officially opens Amazon in Cork". Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
  98. ^ "Route Map". Corkairport.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  99. ^ "Book Flights from Cork". corkairport.com. Cork Airport daa plc. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019.
  100. ^ "Cork Suburban Network Limits" (PDF). Bus Éireann. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
  101. ^ English, Eoin (30 November 2011). "Number's up for city buses as part of move to real-time signs". Irish Examiner.
  102. ^ a b O'Regan, Ellen (8 November 2021). "Saturday night lights on Cork's only 24-hour bus". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  103. ^ a b Hayes, Michael (30 January 2020). "1.3 million journeys on Cork 220 bus sees calls for further expansion and 24 hour services". Cork Beo. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  104. ^ "Route 220, Ovens (EMC) - Ballincollig - City Centre - Maryborough Hill - Carrigaline (Liosbourne & Ferney Road)". Bus Éireann. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  105. ^ Murphy, Elaine (5 February 2020). "Success of 24hr 220 bus route shows room to expand other services". The Cork.ie. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  106. ^ English, Eoin (23 April 2020). "Bus Éireann eyes new Cork city depot". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  107. ^ a b c English, Eoin (10 October 2022). "'We've no intention of rushing BusConnects plan ... the aim is to get it right'". The Irish Examiner. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  108. ^ Passage West Monkstown Archived 28 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Passagewestmonkstown.ie. Retrieved on 23 July 2013.
  109. ^ "Major Cork ferry route cancelled". echolive.ie. The Echo. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  110. ^ "Cork City Cycling Strategy". Cork City Council. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  111. ^ "Galway City Council – Latest News". galwaycity.ie. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  112. ^ "Cork Bike Share". Bikeshare.ie. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  113. ^ "Kilnap Viaduct". Europeana. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  114. ^ "Bring back the old Youghal railway". Evening Echo. 19 May 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  115. ^ "Cork Tramway Company". askaboutireland.ie. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  116. ^ "Timetables". Irish Rail. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  117. ^ "RTÉ News: Service begins on Cork-Midleton line". RTÉ.ie. 30 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  118. ^ "Diverse and ageing Cork city faces tough challenges". Irish Examiner. 8 October 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  119. ^ a b "Cork City Development Plan 2015–2021" (PDF). Cork City Council. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  120. ^ "Sunday Times University of the Year". Ucc.ie. 2016. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  121. ^ "About – Cork's City-Centre Campus". Cork College of Commerce. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  122. ^ "IGNITE – What we do". Ucc.ie. 2015. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  123. ^ "Rubicon Centre Overview". Ucc.ie. 2015. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  124. ^ "The Race – Map of Route". Oceantocity.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  125. ^ RowingIreland (2 May 2007). "Press Release on National Rowing Centre opening". IARU.ie. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007.
  126. ^ "Cork Week History". Corkweek.ie. 16 July 2010. Archived from the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  127. ^ "Cricket Leinster". www.cricketleinster.ie. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  128. ^ "First-Class Matches played on Mardyke, Cork". CricketArchive. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  129. ^ "Cork Cricket Academy – About". www.corkcricketacademy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  130. ^ "Harlequins Cricket Club". Corkharlequins.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  131. ^ O'Callaghan, Gavin (2 October 2021). "Meet the Wolfpack, Cork's very own ice and inline hockey team". Cork Beo. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  132. ^ McNamara, Peter (21 September 2018). "Cork's growing Wolfpack rolls on despite lack of funding". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  133. ^ "Sony teams up with Cork Racing". Irish Examiner. 13 September 2006. Archived from the original on 26 December 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
  134. ^ a b "ARFLI Premiership – Roll of Honour". Australian Rules Football League of Ireland. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
  135. ^ "Leeside Lions Website – Club Honours". LeesideLions.ie. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
  136. ^ "Twinned Cities". Cork City Council. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  137. ^ "Cork City Council approves proposal to enter into formal relationships with Bordeaux, St. Petersburg and Miami". The Cork.ie. 14 February 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  138. ^ "Census 2016 Sapmap Area: Settlements County Cork City". Central Statistics Office (Ireland). Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  139. ^ For 1653 and 1659 figures from Civil Survey Census of those years, Paper of Mr Hardinge to Royal Irish Academy 14 March 1865.
  140. ^ "Census for post 1821 figures". Cso.ie. Archived from the original on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  141. ^ "Home". Histpop.Org. 2 April 2007. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  142. ^ NISRA. "Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency – Census Home Page". Nisranew.nisra.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  143. ^ Lee, JJ (1981). "On the accuracy of the Pre-famine Irish censuses". In Goldstrom, J. M.; Clarkson, L. A. (eds.). Irish Population, Economy, and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
  144. ^ Mokyr, Joel; O Grada, Cormac (November 1984). "New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700–1850". The Economic History Review. 37 (4): 473–488. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x. hdl:10197/1406. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012.
  145. ^ "CSO Chapter 2 – Geographical Distribution – Population by constituency" (PDF). Central Statistics Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  146. ^ Local Electoral Area Boundary Committee Report 2013 (PDF) (Report). Government Stationery Office. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  147. ^ "Census 2011 Profile 6 Migration and Diversity" (PDF). p. 40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  148. ^ "County Cork City (CSO Area Code CTY 17)". Central Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  149. ^ a b "Census 2016 - Small Area Population Statistics (SAPMAP Area) - Settlements - Cork City & Suburbs". Census 2016. Central Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  150. ^ "Interactive Data Visualisations | CSO Ireland". visual.cso.ie. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  151. ^ "Area Profile – Cork City" (PDF). Census 2011 Results. Central Statistics Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  152. ^ "Census 2016: Population of Cork rises 4.6%". Irish Examiner. 7 April 2017. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  153. ^ "Census 2016: Population growth slowest in 20 years". RTÉ. 6 April 2017. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  154. ^ "Cork's population has become less religious and older". Evening Echo. 7 April 2017. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  155. ^ "Cork's Jewish community commemorated in new exhibition". Irish Times. 5 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  156. ^ "Fall-off in number of Jews forces only Cork synagogue to shut". Irish Times. 8 February 2016. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  157. ^ "History of the Cork Hebrew Congregation and the Jews of Cork". Corkhebrewcongregation.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2010.
  158. ^ "Immigration/ New Irish". Diocese of Cork and Ross. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  159. ^ "Cork Muslim community seeks replacement imam". Irish Examiner. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.

Further reading[edit]

  • Merchants, Mystics and Philanthropists – 350 Years of Cork Quakers Richard S. Harrison Published by Cork Monthly Meeting, Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) 2006 ISBN 978-0-9539542-1-6
  • Atlas of Cork City, edited by John Crowley, Robert Devoy, Denis Linehan and Patrick O'Flanagan. Illustrated by Michael Murphy. Cork University Press, 2005, ISBN 1-85918-380-8.
  • Henry, Jefferies. A New History of Cork. History Press Ireland, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84588-984-5.
  • McAvoy, Mark. Cork Rock: From Rory Gallagher To The Sultans Of Ping. Mercier Press (2009) ISBN 978-1-85635-655-8.
  • Where Bridges Stand: the River Lee bridges of Cork City, Antóin O'Callaghan. History Press Ireland, 2012, ISBN 978-1-84588-746-9.
  • Cork City Through Time, Kieran McCarthy & Daniel Breen. Stroud : Amberley, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4456-1142-6.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Cork (category)
Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Cork.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cork.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cork_(city)&oldid=1217088766"