East Indies Station

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the military post, see Commander-in-Chief, India.

East Indies Station
HMS Swiftsure at gunnery practice on the East Indies Station in the summer of 1913
Active1744–1958
Country United Kingdom
Branch Royal Navy
TypeFleet
Part ofAdmiralty
Garrison/HQTrincomalee

The East Indies Station was a formation and command of the British Royal Navy. Created in 1744 by the Admiralty, it was under the command of the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies.[1]

Even in official documents, the term East Indies Station was often used. In 1941, the ships of the China Squadron and East Indies Squadron were merged to form the Eastern Fleet under the control of the Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Fleet.[2] The China Station then ceased as a separate command. The East Indies Station was disbanded in 1958.

It encompassed Royal Navy Dockyards and bases in East Africa, Middle East, India and Ceylon, and other ships not attached to other fleets. For many years under rear admirals, from the 1930s the Commander-in-Chief was often an Admiral or a Vice-Admiral.

History[edit]

Navy House, Trincomalee, residence of the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station, from 1811 to 1942

The East Indies Station was established as a Royal Navy command in 1744. From 1831 to 1865, the East Indies and the China Station were a single command known as the East Indies and China Station.[3] The East Indies Station, established in 1865, was responsible for British naval operations in the Indian Ocean (excluding the waters around the Dutch East Indies, South Africa and Australia) and included the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea.[4] From 1913, the station was renamed the Egypt and East Indies Station until 1918.[5][6]

Anti-slavery activities in East Africa[edit]

During the 1850s and 1860s, the Royal Navy fought to suppress the slave trade operating out of Zanzibar up to the North Coast of the Arabian Sea.[7] An East African Squadron, which was part of the East Indies Station, was active in suppressing slavery in 1869.[8] The mission of Sir Bartle Frere in 1869 "produced... a recommendation that a guardship be permanently stationed off the Zanzibar coast."[9] Britain's real intentions in East Africa was to stop other European naval powers from establishing any similar bases in the region, and the station's purpose was to protect British trade interests passing through the Western Indian Ocean.[10] Rawley writes that Captain George Sulivan and his successor directed the activities of the old ship-of-the-line HMS London (1840), reequipped as both prison and hospital, with some success. London served as a base for cruisers operating against the slaving dhows, for four years.[11]

By 1873, London was a hulk, serving as a depot ship in Zanzibar Bay, off the east coast of Africa. In March 1878, she was recommissioned and involved in the suppression of the slave trade in the area, serving as a central depot for many smaller steam screw boats; she functioned as a repair depot, a hospital and a storage ship. At this time, there were Africans from West Africa (Kroomen or Krumen) and East Africa (Seedies or Sidis) serving on board. There were also Zanzibari and Arab interpreters and cooks from Portuguese Goa (India). London was sold and broken up in 1884.[12]

The East Indies Station had bases at Colombo, Trincomalee, Bombay, Basra and Aden.[13]

Second World War[edit]

In early May 1941, the Commander-in-Chief directed forces to support the pursuit of Pinguin, the German raider that eventually sank after the action of 8 May 1941 against HMS Cornwall.[14]

On 7 December 1941, cruisers on the station included the heavy cruisers HMS Cornwall, Dorsetshire, and Exeter; the light cruisers Glasgow, Danae, Dauntless, Durban, Emerald and Enterprise (some sources also place the heavy cruiser Hawkins as being on station on that date, while others report her being under refit and repair in the UK between early November 1941 & May 1942), and six armed merchant cruisers. Also assigned to the station was 814 Naval Air Squadron at China Bay, Ceylon, which unit was at that time equipped with Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers.[15][16]

In response to increased Japanese threats, the separate East Indies Station was merged with the China Station in December 1941, to form the Eastern Fleet.[17] Later the Eastern Fleet became the East Indies Fleet. In 1952, after the Second World War ended, the East Indies Fleet became the Far East Fleet.[18]

Meanwhile, a separate Commander-in-Chief for the East Indies was reappointed. During the 1950s, the task for Royal Navy vessels in the East Indies "..was to deliver fighting power in support of British foreign policy, be that in major warfighting (Korea) or low intensity operations such as counterinsurgency (Malaya), and to offer a British military presence in support of national policy."[19] But disagreement over Suez meant that the Ceylonese Government did not wish to let British naval forces use their bases in an emergency, and this policy was reaffirmed by the new government installed after the 1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election.[20] The Navy Yard, and Admiralty House were handed over on 15 October 1957, the flag was lowered over the shore establishment HMS Highflyer, and the next day, 16 October 1957, the last flagship, HMS Ceylon, left Trincomalee. The station was temporarily relocated to Bahrain. The Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf was to become an independent commander with the title Commodore, Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf. "At nine o'clock on the morning of 7 September 1958, 'the flag of the one-hundredth Commander in Chief of the East Indies Station, Vice Admiral Sir Hilary Biggs, was hauled down over HMS Jufair,'" the Royal Navy base in Bahrain.[21]

Subordinate Commands[edit]

Flag Officer, East Africa[edit]

Originally established by the Royal Navy as East Coast of Africa Station (1862–1919) was administered by the Flag Officer, East Africa. This officer was subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station, then later came under the Eastern Fleet from 1862, from April 1942 to September 1943, and then the command's name changed back to the East Indies station.

Rank Flag Name Term Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, East Africa
1 Rear-Admiral Charles G. Stuart September, 1943 – 11 January 1944. [22]
4 Rear-Admiral Richard Shelly Benyon 11 January 1944 - November 1944 [23]
5 Commodore Sir Philip Bowyer November 1944 - 1945

Royal Indian Navy[edit]

The Royal Indian Navy (RIN) was the naval force of British India and the Dominion of India from 1 May 1830 to 26 January 1950. It came under the East Indies Station at the outbreak of the Second World War on 3 September 1939.[24] In December 1941 it came under the command of the new Eastern Fleet.

Vice-Admiral Sir Herbert Fitzherbert was the Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy, from September 1939 to December 1941.[25]

Red Sea[edit]

The Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea, was responsible to the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies, and during the Second World War for a period flew his flag afloat in HMS Egret.

At the beginning of the war, Rear Admiral A.J.L. Murray was Senior Officer, Red Sea Force.[26]

On 21 October 1941, the title was changed to Flag Officer, Red Sea, and that officer was resubordinated to the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet, until 17 May 1942.[27] On 18 May 1942 the title was changed again to Flag Officer, Commanding Red Sea and Canal Area, and transferred again to the Eastern Fleet.

Persian Gulf[edit]

The Royal Navy's presence in the Persian Gulf was originally located at Basidu, Qishm Island, in Persia (c. 1850–1935), then later Juffair, Bahrain. It was commanded by the Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf. It included a naval base, depot and naval forces known as the Persian Gulf Patrol, then the Persian Gulf Squadron later called the Persian Gulf Division. It was a sub-command of the East Indies Station until 1958 when it was merged with the Red Sea Station under the new appointment of Commodore, Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf.[28]

Naval officers, ports and bases[edit]

# Location In command Dates Notes
1 Aden Naval Officer-in-Charge, Aden 1839 to 1917, 1921 to 1943, 1945 naval base/shore establishment
2 Addu Atoll Naval Officer in Charge, Addu Atoll 1942 to 1945 fleet base [29]
3 Calcutta Naval Officer in Charge, Calcutta 1939 to 1945 during WW2 only normally under FOCOMM, Royal Indian Navy
4 Colombo General Staff Officer, Colombo 1938 to 1939
5 Diego Suarez Naval Officer in Charge, Diego Suarez 1935 to 1945 fleet base [30]
6 Kilidini, Mombasa Senior British Naval Officer, Kilindini 1935 to 1945 shore establishment
7 Port Louis Naval Officer-in-Charge, Port Louis 18 shore establishment
8 Port Sudan Naval Officer-in-Charge, Port Sudan 1935 to 1945
9 Seychelles Naval Officer-in-Charge, Seychelles 1915 to 1945 fleet base [30]
10 Tanganyika Naval Officer-in-Charge, Tanganyika 1915 to 1945
11 Trincomalee Captain-in-Charge, Ceylon 1915 to 1945
12 Zanzibar Naval Officer-in-Charge, Zanzibar 1915 to 1945

Subordinate naval formations[edit]

Naval Units Based at Date Notes
4th Cruiser Squadron Colombo/Trincomalee, Ceylon August to December, 1916
4th Light Cruiser Squadron Colombo/Trincomalee, Ceylon November 1918 to April 1919
Arabian Bengal Ceylon Escort Force (ABCEF ) Aden, Colony of Aden 1941 to 1942 Under the Eastern Fleet command from April 1942 to November 1943.[31]
East Indies and Egypt Seaplane Squadron Port Said, Egypt 1916 to 1918 Royal Navy's first carrier squadron
Red Sea Division Port Tawfik, Egypt August 1914 to November 1918
Red Sea Force Port Tawfik, Egypt April 1940 to 1944 Naval base HQ Red Sea Force [31]
Persian Gulf Division Basidu, Persia,(1818-1935), Ras Al-Jufair, Bahrain 1885 to 1958
Persian Gulf Squadron Basidu, Persia/ Ras Al-Jufair, Bahrain 1818 to- 1885

Shore establishments[edit]

# Unit name Location Dates Notes
1 Admiralty House Trincomalee, Ceylon 1813 to 1958 Official residence of the Commander-in-Chief
2 HM Naval Dockyard, Trincomalee Trincomalee, Ceylon 1813 to 1939, 1945-1958 Headquarters East Indies Station - HMS Highflyer
3 HMS Gloucester II HM Naval Office, Colombo, Ceylon 1939-1945 Headquarters East Indies Station [32] Also linked to Navy House, Colombo, Official residence of the Commander-in-Chief in Colombo.
4 HM Naval Dockyard, Madras Madras, India 1796 to 1813 Headquarters, East Indies Station [33]
5 HMS Anderson Colombo, Ceylon 1939 to 1949 Electronic listening station of the Far East Combined Bureau built on Anderson Golf Club; reverted to previous use after war.
6 HM Naval Base, Basra Basra 1939 to 1949 Naval base
7 HM Naval Dockyard, Bombay Bombay, India 1811 to 1958 naval base during WW2 known as HMS Braganza
8 HM Naval Base, Calcutta Calcutta, India 1811 to 1958 Naval base during WW2 known as HMS Braganza
9 HMS Lanka Colombo, Ceylon 1939 - 1958 Naval base and shore station
10 HMS Mauritius Tombeau Bay, Mauritius 1810 to 1958 Telegraphic then Wireless Station [34]
11 HM Naval Base, Port Jackson [35] Port Jackson, New South Wales 1785 to 1865 Naval base transferred to China Station
12 Port Louis Port Louis, Mauritius 1810 to 1968 Naval base
13 HM Naval Base, Port Tawfik Port Tawfik, Red Sea, Egypt August 1914 to 1944 Naval base HQ Red Sea, Patrol/Division/Force
14 HMS Sheba Steamer Point (now Tawahi) in Aden Example Naval and shore base till 1958
15 RNAS China Bay Trincomalee, Ceylon 1938 to 1945 Air Station HMS Bambara
16 RNAS Colombo Racecourse Prince of Wales Island, George Town, Penang 1943 to 1945 Naval air station - HMS Bherunda
17 RNAS Katukurunda Katukurunda, Ceylon 1938 to 1945 Naval air station - HMS Ukussa
18 RNAS Mackinnon Road Mackinnon Road, Kenya, East Africa 1942 to 1944 Naval air station - HMS Tana then HMS Kipanga II[36]
19 RNAS Puttalam Puttalam Ceylon 1942 to 1944 Naval air station - HMS Rajaliya[37]
20 RNAS Port Reitz Port Reitz, Mombasa, Kenya 1942 to 1944 Naval air station, Aircraft Repair Yard, Reserve aircraft storage - HMS Tana then HMS Kipanga II HQ of Commdre-in-Charge, NAS, (Eastern Stations.).
21 RNAS Tanga Tanga, Tanzania 1942 to 1944 Naval air station - HMS Kilele [38]

Commanders[edit]

NoN = died in post

Commander-in-Chief, East Indies[edit]

Prior to 1862, flag officers were appointed to coloured squadrons. Command flags are shown below. See: Royal Navy ranks, rates, and uniforms of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Post holders included:[39][40]

Rank Ensign Name Term Ref
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station
Commodore Curtis Barnett NoN 1744–1746 [41]
Commodore Thomas Griffin 1746–1748 [42][a]
Rear-Admiral Edward Boscawen 1748–1750 [43][44]
Commodore William Lisle 1750–1752 [45]
Commodore Joseph Knight 1752–1754 [46]
Rear-Admiral Charles Watson NoN 1754–1757 [47][48][b]
Vice-Admiral George Pocock 1757–1759 [49][c]
Commodore Charles Steevens NoN 1760–1761 [50][d]
Rear-Admiral Samuel Cornish 1761–1763 [51][52][e]
Commodore John Tinker 1763–1765 [53]
Captain John Byron 1765–1766 [54][53][f]
Captain Philip Affleck 1766–1767 [53]
Commodore John (later Sir John) Lindsay 1769–1772 [55]
Rear-Admiral Sir Robert Harland, 1st Baronet 1771–1775 [56][57]
Commodore Edward Hughes 1773–1777 [58]
Commodore Sir Edward Vernon 1776–1780 [59][g]
Rear-Admiral Sir Edward Hughes 1780–1784 [58][h]
Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, 5th Baronet NoN 1782 [60][61][i]
Commodore Andrew Mitchell 1784–1785 [62]
Commodore Charles Hughes 1785–1787 [63]
Commodore William Cornwallis 1788–1794 [64]
Commodore Peter Rainier 1794–1805 [65]
Vice-Admiral Sir George Keith Elphinstone 1795 [66][67][j]
Rear-Admiral Sir Edward Pellew, 1st Baronet 1804–1809 [68][69][k]
Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Troubridge, 1st Baronet NoN 1805–1807 [70][71][l]
Rear-Admiral William O'Bryen Drury NoN 1809–1811 [72]
Vice-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, 1st Baronet NoN 1811–1814 [73][m]
Commodore George Sayer 1814 [74]
Rear-Admiral Sir George Burlton NoN 1815
Rear-Admiral Sir Richard King, 2nd Baronet 1816–1820 [75][n]
Rear-Admiral Sir Henry Blackwood, 1st Baronet 1820–1822 [76][o]
Commodore Charles Grant NoN 1822–1824
Commodore Sir James Brisbane NoN 1825–1826 [77]
Rear-Admiral Joseph Bingham NoN 1825 [78][p]
Rear-Admiral William Hall Gage 1825–1829 [79]
Rear-Admiral Edward Owen 1829–1832 [80]

C-in-C, East Indies and China Station[edit]

Main article: East Indies and China Station

Note: for the period 1832–1865.

C-in-C, East Indies & Cape of Good Hope Station[edit]

Post holders included:[81]

Rank Flag Name Term
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies & Cape of Good Hope Station
Commodore Frederick Montresor (1865) [3]
Commodore Charles Hillyar (1865–1867) [3]

C-in-C, East Indies Station[edit]

[3][82][83]

Rank Flag Name Term
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station
Rear-Admiral Leopold Heath (1867–1870)
Rear-Admiral James Cockburn NoN (1870–1872)
Rear-Admiral Arthur Cumming (1872–1875)
Rear-Admiral Reginald Macdonald (1875–1877)
Rear-Admiral John Corbett (1877–1879)
Rear-Admiral William Gore Jones (1879–1882)
Rear-Admiral William Hewett (1882–1885)
Rear-Admiral Frederick Richards (1885–1888)
Rear-Admiral Edmund Fremantle (1888–1891)
Rear-Admiral Frederick Robinson (1891–1892)
Rear-Admiral William Kennedy (1892–1895)
Rear-Admiral Edmund Drummond (1895–1898)
Rear-Admiral Archibald Douglas (1898–1899)
Rear-Admiral Day Bosanquet (1899–1902)
Rear-Admiral Charles Drury (1902–1903)[84]
Rear-Admiral George Atkinson-Willes (1903–1905)
Rear-Admiral Edmund Poë (1905–1907)
Rear-Admiral Sir George Warrender (1907–1909)
Rear-Admiral Edmond Slade (1909–1912)
Rear-Admiral Alexander Bethell (1912-1913)

C-in-C, East Indies and Egypt Station[edit]

Note:The post was sometimes styled as Senior Naval Officer, Egypt, and Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station.[85]

Rank Flag Name Term
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies and Egypt Station
Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Peirse (1913–1915) [86]
Rear-Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss (1916–1917) [87]

C-in-C, East Indies Station[edit]

Rank Flag Name Term
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station
Rear-Admiral Ernest Gaunt (1917–1919)
Rear-Admiral Hugh Tothill (1919–1921)
Rear-Admiral Lewis Clinton-Baker (1921–1923)
Rear-Admiral Herbert Richmond (1923–1925)
Rear-Admiral Walter Ellerton (1925–1927)
Rear-Admiral Bertram Thesiger (1927–1929)
Rear-Admiral Eric Fullerton (1929–1932)
Rear-Admiral Martin Dunbar-Nasmith (1932–1934)
Vice-Admiral Frank Rose (1934–1936)
Vice-Admiral Alexander Ramsay (1936–1938)
Vice-Admiral James Somerville (1938–1939)
Admiral Sir Ralph Leatham (1939–1941)
Vice-Admiral Geoffrey Arbuthnot (1941–1942)[15]
Admiral Sir Geoffrey Layton (1942–1944)
Vice-Admiral Sir Arthur Power (1944–1945)
Admiral Sir Arthur Palliser (1946–1948)
Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Woodhouse (1948–1950)
Admiral Sir Geoffrey Oliver (1950–1952)
Admiral Sir William Slayter (1952–1954)
Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Norris (1954–1956)
Vice-Admiral Sir Hilary Biggs (1956–1958)

Chief of Staff 1939-41[edit]

Included:[88]

Rank Flag Name Term
Chief of Staff, East Indies Station/Eastern Fleet
Captain Frederick Rodney Garside 3 January 1939 - June 1941 [89]
Rear-Admiral Arthur F. E. Palliser June - December 1941

Note: Under East Indies Station briefly when the Eastern Fleet its established Rear-Admiral Palliser becomes COS to C-in-C, Eastern Fleet.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Thomas Griffin promoted later Rear- then Vice-Admiral
  2. ^ Charles Watson promoted later to Vice-Admiral
  3. ^ George Pocock appointed Vice-Admiral of the White, February 1757, Ref:Harrison. Simon, (2010-2018)
  4. ^ Charles Steevens promoted later to Rear-Admiral
  5. ^ Samuel Cornish promoted later to Vice-Admiral
  6. ^ Byron's appointment was initially a subterfuge, designed to provide apparent legitimacy for a voyage along the coast of Spanish South America and around the Cape of Good Hope. Byron's true mission was to establish a British naval presence on an uninhabited island off Spanish South America, which he achieved via landings on the Falkland Islands in December 1764.[54]
  7. ^ Edward Vernon promoted later to Rear-Admiral
  8. ^ Edward Hughes, second term as Commander-in-Chief
  9. ^ Hyde Parker appointed 1782 but lost at sea on his way out
  10. ^ Elphinstone went to capture the Dutch East Indies in 1795 but Rainier had already done it
  11. ^ Pellew was later promoted to Rear-Admiral of the Red, 9 November 1805
  12. ^ Troughbridge served jointly with Edward Pellew
  13. ^ Samuel Hood appointed Vice-Admiral of the White, 4 June 1814, Harrison, 2010-2018
  14. ^ Richard King appointed Rear-Admiral of the White, 4 June 1814 ref: Harrison, Simon (2010-2018)
  15. ^ Henry Blackwood appointed Rear-Admiral of the Blue, July 1819 ref: Harrison, Simon (2010-2018)
  16. ^ Joseph Bingham appointed 1825 but died before taking up post

References[edit]

  1. ^ Roberts, John (2009). Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9781848320437.
  2. ^ Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London [u.a.]: Hambledon Continuum. p. 289. ISBN 1852854170.
  3. ^ a b c d William Loney RN
  4. ^ Royal Navy foreign stations
  5. ^ Sheffy, Yigal (2014). British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 9781135245702.
  6. ^ Parkinson, Jonathan (2018). The Royal Navy, China Station: 1864 - 1941: As seen through the lives of the Commanders in Chief. Leicester, England: Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 312. ISBN 9781788035217.
  7. ^ Howell, Raymond (1987). The Royal Navy and the slave trade. London: Croom Helm. p. 119. ISBN 9780709947707.
  8. ^ Society, the Church Missionary. The slave trade of East Africa. The Church Missionary Society, 1869. Retrieved 4 July 2018. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  9. ^ James A. Rawley (1988). "Book Review: Raymond C. Howell, The Royal Navy and the Slave Trade". International Journal of African Historical Studies. 21 (1–2). Africana Publishing Company: 184.
  10. ^ Davis, Paul. "The Frere mission to Zanzibar". www.pdavis.nl. P. L. Davis, 2010–2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  11. ^ Rawley 1988, 184.
  12. ^ Lavery, Ships of the Line vol.1, p190.
  13. ^ "War Records of the Commander-in-Chief East Indies Station". Naval History. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  14. ^ Waters, S. D. (2016) [1956]. The Royal New Zealand Navy. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 (online ed.). Wellington, NZ: War History Branch, Dept. of Internal Affairs. p. 109. OCLC 11085179. Retrieved 10 February 2017 – via New Zealand Electronic Text Centre.
  15. ^ a b "East Indies Fleet". Orders of Battle.
  16. ^ Whitley, Mike J. (1995). Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). London: Arms and Armour Press. p. 80. ISBN 1-86019-874-0.
  17. ^ "The sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse". Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  18. ^ Watson, Graham. "Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment 1947–2013:1. ROYAL NAVY ORGANISATION AND DEPLOYMENT FROM 1947". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith, 12 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  19. ^ Ashley Jackson (2006), The Royal Navy and the Indian Ocean region since 1945, The RUSI Journal, Vol. 151, No. 6, December 2006, 79.
  20. ^ Ashley Jackson (2006), The Royal Navy and the Indian Ocean region since 1945, The RUSI Journal, Vol. 151, No. 6, December 2006, 81, also drawing upon Cecil Hampshire, "The Royal Navy Since 1945: Its Transition to the Nuclear Age" (London William Kimber, 1975), p. 140-144.
  21. ^ Roberts, John (2009). Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-1848320437.
  22. ^ Wells, Anne Sharp (2000). The Anglo-American "special relationship" during the Second World War : a selective guide to materials in the British Library. [London]: Eccles Centre for American Studies, The British Library. p. 25. ISBN 0712344268.
  23. ^ Houterman, J.N. "Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 - S". unithistories.com. Houterman and Kloppes. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  24. ^ Niehorster, Dr. Leo. "East Indies Station, Royal Navy, 3.09.39". www.niehorster.org. Leo Niehorster, 30 April 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  25. ^ "Herbert Fitzherbert". Unit Histories. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  26. ^ I.S.O. Playfair, Annex 9: Principal Commanders and Staff Officers in the Mediterranean and Middle East, The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol I.
  27. ^ Titterton, G. A. (2002). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean. London, England: Psychology Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780714651798.
  28. ^ "Among surviving records at the National Archives are this file". National Archives. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  29. ^ Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London: A&C Black. p. 274. ISBN 9780826440495.
  30. ^ a b Jackson, p. 274
  31. ^ a b Clancey, Patrick; Jewell, Larry. "HyperWar: The Royal Indian Navy (Chapter 4)". www.ibiblio.org. Hyper War Foundation, 2006-2008. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  32. ^ Navy Lists: Monthly. London, England: HM Stationaery Office. February 1940. p. 701.
  33. ^ Coad, Jonathan (2013). Support for the Fleet: architecture and engineering of the Royal Navy's bases 1700–1914. Swindon, Wilts.: English Heritage.
  34. ^ "HMS MAURITIUS WIRELESS STATION, MAURITIUS [Allocated Title]". Imperial War Museums. Imperial War Museums UK. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  35. ^ Navy, corporateName=Royal Australian. "Fleet Base East". www.navy.gov.au. HM Australian Government. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  36. ^ Drury, Tony. "Mackinnon Road". www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk. T, Drury, 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  37. ^ Drury, Tony. "Puttalam". www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk. T. Drury, 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  38. ^ Drury, Tony. "Tanga". www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk. T. Drury, 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  39. ^ Joseph Haydn, The Book of Dignities, Longman, Brown Green and Longmans, 1851, p. 272–273
  40. ^ Ward, Peter Augustus. "Admiral Peter Rainier and the Command of the East Indies Station 1794-1805 : Chapter: East Indies Station Commanders-in-Chief & p. 227 Senior Naval Officers 1754-1814" (PDF). core.ac.uk. Submitted by Peter Augustus Ward to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, August 2010. pp. 227–228. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  41. ^ J. K. Laughton, Barnett, Curtis (d. 1746), rev. Richard Harding, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
  42. ^ J. K. Laughton, Griffin, Thomas (1692/3–1771), rev. Richard Harding, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
  43. ^ Clive Wilkinson, Boscawen, Edward (1711–1761), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
  44. ^ Harrison, Simon. "The Hon. Edward Boscawen (1711-1761):Rank history: Rear-Admiral of the Blue". threedecks.org. S. Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  45. ^ Charnock, John (2011) [1797]. Biographia Navalis. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-108-02635-2.
  46. ^ Charnock, John (2011) [1797]. Biographia Navalis. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 475. ISBN 978-1-108-02635-2.
  47. ^ J. K. Laughton, Watson, Charles (1714–1757), rev. A. W. H. Pearsall, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
  48. ^ Harrison, Simon. "Charles Watson (1714-1757):Rank History:Rear-Admiral of the Red". threedecks.org. S. Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  49. ^ Tom Pocock, Pocock, Sir George (1706–1792), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
  50. ^ J. K. Laughton, Steevens, Charles (bap. 1705, d. 1761), rev. Richard Harding, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
  51. ^ J. K. Laughton, Cornish, Sir Samuel, baronet (c. 1715–1770), rev. Nicholas Tracy, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011
  52. ^ Harrison, Simon. "Sir Samuel Cornish (1715-1770): Rank History: Rear-Admiral of the Red". threedecks.org. S. Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  53. ^ a b c Ward, Peter A. (2013). British Naval Power in the East, 1794-1805. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-84383-848-7.
  54. ^ a b Rea, Robert R. (October 1981). "Florida and the Royal Navy's Floridas". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 60 (2). Florida Historical Society: 187.
  55. ^ J. K. Laughton, Lindsay, Sir John (1737–1788), rev. Clive Wilkinson, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2007, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
  56. ^ J. K. Laughton, Harland, Sir Robert, first baronet (c.1715–1784), rev. Randolph Cock, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
  57. ^ Harrison, Simon. "Sir Robert Harland (d.1783): Rank History: Rear-Admiral of the Blue". threedecks.org. S. harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  58. ^ a b J. K. Laughton, Hughes, Sir Edward (c.1720–1794), rev. Roger Knight, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
  59. ^ J. K. Laughton, Nicholas Tracy, Vernon, Sir Edward (1723–1794), rev. Nicholas Tracy, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
  60. ^ J. K. Laughton, Parker, Sir Hyde, fifth baronet (1714–1782/3), rev. Alan G. Jamieson, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
  61. ^ Harrison, Simon. "Sir Hyde Parker (1713/14-1783): Appointed Vice-Admiral of the Blue". threedecks.org. S. Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  62. ^ J. K. Laughton, Mitchell, Sir Andrew (1757–1806), rev. P. L. C. Webb, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
  63. ^ Hayden, Joseph The book of dignities, Longmans, 1851, p. 272
  64. ^ Andrew Lambert, Cornwallis, Sir William (1744–1819), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
  65. ^ Kenneth Breen, Rainier, Peter (1741–1808), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2011, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
  66. ^ C. H. H. Owen, Elphinstone, George Keith, Viscount Keith (1746–1823), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
  67. ^ Harrison, Simon. "Sir George Keith Elphinstone (1745/46-1823): Appointed Vice-Admiral of the Blue". threedecks.org. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  68. ^ Christopher D. Hall, Pellew, Edward, first Viscount Exmouth (1757–1833), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
  69. ^ Harrison, Simon. "Lord Edward Pellew (1757-1833); Appointed Rear-Admiral of the White, (23/04/1804)". threedecks.org. S.Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  70. ^ P. K. Crimmin, Troubridge, Sir Thomas, first baronet (c.1758–1807), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
  71. ^ The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year : Appointments 1804, Rear-Admirals of the White. London, England: J. Dodsley. 1806. p. 458.
  72. ^ Harrison, Simon. "William O'Bryen Drury (d.1811): Appointments, Rear-Admiral of the Red, 28 April 1808". threedecks.org. S. Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  73. ^ J. K. Laughton, Hood, Sir Samuel, first baronet (1762–1814), rev. Michael Duffy, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2007, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
  74. ^ The United Service Magazine, 1831, Part 2, page 222
  75. ^ J. K. Laughton, Andrew Lambert, King, Sir Richard, second baronet (1774–1834), rev. Andrew Lambert, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
  76. ^ J. K. Laughton, Blackwood, Sir Henry, first baronet (1770–1832), rev. Andrew Lambert, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
  77. ^ J. K. Laughton, Brisbane, Sir James (1774–1826), rev. Andrew Lambert, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2008, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
  78. ^ Marshall, John (2010). "Rear-Admirals of the White". Royal Naval Biography: Or, Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag-Officers, Superannuated Rear-Admirals, Retired-Captains, Post-Captains, and Commanders. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 722. ISBN 9781108022651.
  79. ^ J. K. Laughton, Roger Morriss, Gage, Sir William Hall (1777–1864), rev. Roger Morriss, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
  80. ^ J. K. Laughton, Owen, Sir Edward Campbell Rich (1771–1849), rev. Andrew Lambert, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Sept 2010, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
  81. ^ Mackie, Colin. "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865" (PDF). gulabin.com. Colin Mackie, June 2018, pp.159-160. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  82. ^ Whitaker's Almanacks 1900–1941.
  83. ^ Mackie. 2018.
  84. ^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36763. London. 9 May 1902. p. 10.
  85. ^ Sheffy, Yigal (2014). British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 9781135245702.
  86. ^ Sheffy, Yigal (2014). British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 9781135245702.
  87. ^ Parkinson, Jonathan (2018). The Royal Navy, China Station: 1864 - 1941: As seen through the lives of the Commanders in Chief. Leicester, England: Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 312. ISBN 9781788035217.
  88. ^ Mackie, Colin. "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865". gulabin.com. Colin Mackie, July 2018. p. 153. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  89. ^ Navy Lists, Monthly. London, England: H. M. Stationery Office. February 1940. p. 702.

Further reading[edit]

  • Peter A. Ward, British Naval Power in the East, 1794-1805: The Command of Admiral Peter Rainier, Boydell Press

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Indies_Station&oldid=1213031069"