Ga (Mongolic)

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Ga is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages.[1]: 549–551 

Mongolian language[edit]

Ga
The Mongolian script
Mongolian vowels
a
e
i
o
u
ö
ü
(ē)
Mongolian consonants
n
ng
b
(p)
q/k
γ/g
m
l
s
š
t
d
č
ǰ
y
r
(w)
Foreign consonants
Letter[2]: 14–15, 17, 21–22, 24–25 [3]: 546 [4]: 212–213 
γ (ɣ) g Transliteration[note 1]
Initial
‍ᠭ᠋‍⟨?⟩ ‍ᠭ᠍‍⟨?⟩ Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠭ‍⟨?⟩ Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠭ[a] ‍ᠭ᠋⟨?⟩ [a] Final
C-V syllables[2]: 15 [10]: 21 
γ‑a γa ge gi γo, γu , Transliteration
ᠭᠠ ᠭᠡ[b] ᠭᠢ[c] ᠭᠣ᠋ ᠭᠥ⟨?⟩ ⟨w/o tail⟩[d] Alone
ᠭᠥ᠋⟨?⟩ ⟨w/ tail⟩
ᠭᠠ‍ ᠭᠡ‍ ᠭᠢ‍ ᠭᠣ‍ ᠭᠥ‍ Initial
‍ᠭᠠ‍ ‍ᠭᠡ‍ ‍ᠭᠢ‍ ‍ᠭᠣ‍ ‍ᠭᠥ‍ Medial
‍ᠭ᠎ᠠ⟨?⟩ ‍ᠭᠡ ‍ᠭᠢ⟨?⟩ ‍ᠬᠢ ‍ᠭᠣ ‍ᠭᠥ Final

γ/g[edit]

  • Produced with G using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[12]
  • In the Mongolian Unicode block, γ/g comes after q/k and before m.
  • May turn silent between vowels, and merge these into a long vowel or diphthong.[2]: 36–37  For more details on this, see Mongolian script multigraphs.

γ[edit]

g[edit]

Clear Script[edit]

Xibe language[edit]

Manchu language[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b For the two harmonic variants of the particle ᠰᠢᠭ᠋⟨?⟩/ᠰᠢᠭ⟨?⟩ siγ/sig (шиг shig) 'similar to, similarly, like' etc., the choice between final γ or g is dependent on whether it occurs after a masculine or a feminine word, respectively.[7]: 699 [8]: 44 [9]: 201 
  2. ^ As in ᠬᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠨ ke/kege/kegen (хээ khee) 'pattern, piping, design, stamp'.[7]: 438, 442 
  3. ^ See the separated  ᠬᠢ ‑ki suffix.[7]
  4. ^ As in the strengthening (emphatic) ᠭᠦ⟨?⟩ (хүү khüü) particle,[7]: 494 [11]: 46  or ᠬᠥ⟨?⟩/ᠬᠥᠭᠡ kö/köge (хөө khöö) 'soot; obstacle, hindrance; trouble', or 'ring of mail'.[7]: 475, 478 
  1. ^ Scholarly transliteration, with alternative in parentheses.[5]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  2. ^ a b c d e Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
  3. ^ a b c d Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
  4. ^ Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30598-9.
  5. ^ a b c "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06.
  6. ^ "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  7. ^ a b c d e Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;: xii  as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.[6]
  8. ^ a b c d Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
  9. ^ Janhunen, Juha A. (2012). Mongolian. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3820-7.
  10. ^ a b c Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.
  11. ^ a b c Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03298-8.
  12. ^ jowilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  13. ^ a b c "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  14. ^ Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005-02-10). The Phonology of Mongolian. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151461-6.
  15. ^ "A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts" (PDF). COLIPS – Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  16. ^ a b Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.
  17. ^ "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  18. ^ "Mongolian State Dictionary". Mongol toli (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2022-05-16.