Khanty language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Khanty
ханты ясаң hantĭ jasaŋ
Native toRussia
RegionKhanty–Mansi
Ethnicity31,467 Khanty people (2020 census)[1]
Native speakers
14,000 (2020 census)[1]
Dialects
  • Northern
  • Southern
  • Surgut
  • Far Eastern
Language codes
ISO 639-3kca
Glottologkhan1279
Khanty and Mansi languages at the beginning of the 20th century[2][3]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Khanty (also spelled Khanti or Hanti), previously known as Ostyak (/ˈɒstiæk/),[4] is a Uralic language spoken in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Okrugs. There were thought to be around 7,500 speakers of Northern Khanty and 2,000 speakers of Eastern Khanty in 2010, with Southern Khanty being extinct since the early 20th century,[5] however the total amount of speakers in the most recent census was around 13,900.[6][1]

The Khanty language has many dialects. The western group includes the Obdorian, Ob, and Irtysh dialects. The eastern group includes the Surgut and Vakh-Vasyugan dialects, which, in turn, are subdivided into thirteen other dialects. All these dialects differ significantly from each other by phonetic, morphological, and lexical features to the extent that the three main "dialects" (northern, southern and eastern) are mutually unintelligible.[7] Thus, based on their significant multifactorial differences, Eastern, Northern and Southern Khanty could be considered separate but closely related languages.

Alphabet[edit]

Cyrillic

Northern Khanty Alphabet[8]
А а Ӑ ӑ В в И и Й й К к Л л Ԓ ԓ
(Ԯ ԯ)
Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ Ӈ ӈ
(Ң ң)
О о Ө ө Ө̆ ө̆ П п
Р р С с Т т ( ) У у Ў ў Х х Ш ш
Щ щ Ь ь Ы ы Э э Ә ә

Palatalised consonants are designated by either ь or a yotated character.[9]

Northern Khanty-IPA correspondence chart[8][10]
Cyrillic А а Ӑ ӑ В в Е е Ё ё Ә ә И и Й й К к Л л Ԯ ԯ ((Ԓ ԓ)) М м Н н Ң ң О о Ө ө Ө̆ ө̆ П п Р р С с Т т , (Tje) [11] У у Ў ў Х х Ш ш Щ щ Ы ы Э э Ю ю Я я
IPA ɐ, ə ɑ β je jɔ ɵ i j k l ɬ m n ŋ ɔ ɵ ø p r s t u, ə ʉ x ʂ i e u, ʉ jɑ

Literary language[edit]

The Khanty language is spoken primarily in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug in western Siberia

The Khanty written language was first created after the October Revolution on the basis of the Latin script in 1930 and then with the Cyrillic alphabet (with the additional letter ⟨ң⟩ for /ŋ/) from 1937.

Khanty literary works are usually written in three Northern dialects, Kazym, Shuryshkar, and Middle Ob. Newspaper reporting and broadcasting are usually done in the Kazym dialect.

Varieties[edit]

Dialects of Khanty (and Mansi):
  Obdorsk (Salekhard) dialect
  Ob dialects
  Southern (Irtysh) Khanty
  Surgut dialects
  Far Eastern (Vakh-Vasyugan) dialects

Khanty is divided in three main dialect groups, which are to a large degree mutually unintelligible, and therefore best considered three languages: Northern, Southern and Eastern. Individual dialects are named after the rivers they are or were spoken on. Southern Khanty is probably extinct by now.[12][13]

Eastern Khanty[14][edit]

  • Far Eastern (Vakh, Vasjugan, Verkhne-Kalimsk, Vartovskoe)
  • Surgut (Jugan, Malij Jugan, Pim, Likrisovskoe, Tremjugan, Tromagan)
  • Transitional[edit]

    The Salym dialect can be classified as transitional between Eastern and Southern (Honti:1998 suggests closer affinity with Eastern, Abondolo:1998 in the same work with Southern). The Atlym and Nizyam dialects also show some Southern features.

    Northern Khanty[edit]

  • Obdorsk (Priuralsky District)
  • Berjozov (Synja, Muzhi, Shuryshkar), Kazym, Sherkal
  • Transitional[edit]

    • Atlym, Nizyam

    Southern Khanty[edit]

  • Upper Demjanka, Lower Demjanka, Konda, Cingali, Krasnojarsk
  • Southern and Northern Khanty share various innovations and can be grouped together as Western Khanty. These include loss of full front rounded vowels: *üü, *öö, *ɔ̈ɔ̈ > *ii, *ee, *ää (but *ɔ̈ɔ̈ > *oo adjacent to *k, *ŋ),[15] loss of vowel harmony, fricativization of *k to /x/ adjacent to back vowels,[12] and the loss of the *ɣ phoneme.[16]

    Phonology[edit]

    A general feature of all Khanty varieties is that while long vowels are not distinguished, a contrast between plain vowels (e.g. /o/) vs. reduced or extra-short vowels (e.g. /ŏ/) is found. This corresponds to an actual length distinction in Khanty's close relative Mansi. According to scholars who posit a common Ob-Ugric ancestry for the two, this was also the original Proto-Ob-Ugric situation.

    Palatalization of consonants is phonemic in Khanty, as in most other Uralic languages. Retroflex consonants are also found in most varieties of Khanty.

    Khanty word stress is usually on the initial syllable.[17]

    Proto-Khanty[edit]

    Bilabial Dental Palatal(ized) Retroflex Velar
    Nasal *m
    [m]
    *n
    [n]

    [nʲ]
    *ṇ
    [ɳ]

    [ŋ]
    Stop/
    Affricate
    *p
    [p]
    *t
    [t]

    [tsʲ]
    *č̣
    [ʈʂ]
    *k
    [k]
    Fricative central *s
    [s]

    [ɣ]
    lateral *ᴧ
    [ɬ]
    Lateral *l
    [l]

    [lʲ]
    *ḷ
    [ɭ]
    Trill *r
    [r]
    Semivowel *w
    [w]
    *j
    [j]

    19 consonants are reconstructed for Proto-Khanty, listed with the traditional UPA transcription shown above and an IPA transcription shown below.

    A major consonant isogloss among the Khanty varieties is the reflexation of the lateral consonants, *ɬ (from Proto-Uralic *s and *š) and *l (from Proto-Uralic *l and *ð).[16] These generally merge, however with varying results: /l/ in the Obdorsk and Far Eastern dialects, /ɬ/ in the Kazym and Surgut dialects, and /t/ elsewhere. The Vasjugan dialect still retains the distinction word-initially, having instead shifted *ɬ > /j/ in this position. Similarly, the palatalized lateral *ľ developed to /lʲ/ in Far Eastern and Obdorsk, /ɬʲ/ in Kazym and Surgut, and /tʲ/ elsewhere. The retroflex lateral *ḷ remains in Far Eastern, but in /t/-dialects develops into a new plain /l/.

    Other dialect isoglosses include the development of original *ć to a palatalized stop /tʲ/ in Eastern and Southern Khanty, but to a palatalized sibilant /sʲ ~ ɕ/ in Northern, and the development of original *č similarly to a sibilant /ʂ/ (= UPA: š) in Northern Khanty, partly also in Southern Khanty.

    Eastern Khanty[edit]

    Far Eastern[edit]

    The Vakh dialect is divergent. It has rigid vowel harmony and a tripartite (ergative–accusative) case system: The subject of a transitive verb takes the instrumental case suffix -nə-, while the object takes the accusative case suffix. The subject of an intransitive verb, however, is not marked for case and might be said to be absolutive. The transitive verb agrees with the subject, as in nominative–accusative systems.

    Vakh has the richest vowel inventory, with five reduced vowels ø̆ ə̆ ɑ̆ ŏ/ and full /i y ɯ u e ø o æ ɑ/. Some researchers also report ɔ/.[18][19]

    Vakh Khanty consonants[16]
    Bilabial Dental Palatal/ized Retroflex Velar
    Nasal m n ɳ ŋ
    Plosive p t k
    Affricate
    Fricative s ɣ
    Lateral l ɭ
    Trill r
    Semivowel w j

    Surgut[edit]

    Surgut Khanty consonants[20]
    Bilabial Dental /
    Alveolar
    Palatal/ized Post-
    alveolar
    Velar Uvular
    Nasal m ŋ
    Plosive / Affricate p ~ [a] k [b] q [b]
    Fricative central s (ʃ) [c] ʁ
    lateral ɬ [d] ɬʲ
    Approximant w l j (ʁ̞ʷ) [e]
    Trill r
    1. ^ /tʲ/ can be realized as an affricate [tɕ] in the Tremjugan and Agan sub-dialects.
    2. ^ a b The velar/uvular contrast is predictable in inherited vocabulary: [q] appears before back vowels, [k] before front and central vowels. However, in loanwords from Russian, [k] may also be found before back vowels.
    3. ^ The phonemic status of [ʃ] is not clear. It occurs in some words in variation with [s], in others in variation with [tʃ].
    4. ^ In the Pim sub-dialect, /ɬ/ has recently shifted to /t/, a change that has spread from Southern Khanty.
    5. ^ The labialized postvelar approximant [ʁ̞ʷ] occurs in the Tremjugan sub-dialect as an allophone of /w/ between back vowels, for some speakers also word-initially before back vowels. Research from the early 20th century also reported two other labialized phonemes: /kʷ~qʷ/ and /ŋʷ/, but these are no longer distinguished.

    Northern Khanty[edit]

    The Kazym dialect distinguishes 18 consonants.

    Kazym Khanty consonants[16]
    Bilabial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar
    plain pal.
    Nasal m n ɳ ŋ
    Plosive p t k
    Fricative central s ʂ x
    lateral ɬ ɬʲ
    Approximant central w j
    lateral l
    Trill r

    The vowel inventory is much simpler. Eight vowels are distinguished in initial syllables: six full /i e a ɒ o u/ and four reduced ă ŏ ŭ/. In unstressed syllables, four values are found: ə ĕ ĭ/.[21][22]

    A similarly simple vowel inventory is found in the Nizyam, Sherkal, and Berjozov dialects, which have full /e a ɒ u/ and reduced ɑ̆ ŏ ŭ/. Aside from the full vs. reduced contrast rather than one of length, this is identical to that of the adjacent Sosva dialect of Mansi.[18]

    The Obdorsk dialect has retained full close vowels and has a nine-vowel system: full vowels /i e æ ɑ o u/ and reduced vowels /æ̆ ɑ̆ ŏ/).[18] It however has a simpler consonant inventory, having the lateral approximants /l lʲ/ in place of the fricatives /ɬ ɬʲ/ and having fronted *ṇ to /s n/.

    Grammar[edit]

    The noun[edit]

    The nominal suffixes include dual -ŋən, plural -(ə)t, dative -a, locative/instrumental -nə.

    For example:[23]

    xot "house" (cf. Finnish koti "home", or Hungarian "ház")
    xotŋəna "to the two houses"
    xotətnə "at the houses" (cf. Hungarian otthon, Finnish kotona "at home", an exceptional form using the old, locative meaning of the essive case ending -na).

    Singular, dual, and plural possessive suffixes may be added to singular, dual, and plural nouns, in three persons, for 33 = 27 forms. A few, from məs "cow", are:

    məsem "my cow"
    məsemən "my two cows"
    məsew "my cows"
    məstatən "the two of our cows"
    məsŋətuw "our two cows"

    Pronouns[edit]

    The personal pronouns are, in the nominative case:

    SG DU PL
    1st person ma min muŋ
    2nd person naŋ nən naŋ
    3rd person tuw tən təw

    The cases of ma are accusative manət and dative manəm.

    The demonstrative pronouns and adjectives are:

    tamə "this", tomə "that", sit "that yonder": tam xot "this house".

    Basic interrogative pronouns are:

    xoy "who?", muy "what?"

    Numerals[edit]

    Khanty numerals, compared with Hungarian and Finnish, are:


    Number Khanty Hungarian Finnish
    1 yit, yiy egy yksi
    2 katn, kat kettő, két kaksi
    3 xutəm három kolme
    4 nyatə négy neljä
    5 wet öt viisi
    6 xut hat kuusi
    7 tapət hét seitsemän
    8 nəvət nyolc kahdeksan
    9 yaryaŋ [A] kilenc yhdeksän
    10 yaŋ tíz kymmenen
    20 xus húsz kaksikymmentä
    30 xutəmyaŋ [B] harminc kolmekymmentä
    40 nyatəyaŋ [C] negyven neljäkymmentä
    100 sot száz sata
    A Possibly 'short of ten'
    B 'three tens'
    C 'four tens'

    The formation of multiples of ten shows Slavic influence in Khanty, whereas Hungarian uses the collective derivative suffix -van (-ven) closely related to the suffix of the adverbial participle which is -va (-ve) today but used to be -ván (-vén). Note also the regularity of [xot]-[haːz] "house" and [sot]-[saːz] "hundred".

    Nomen[edit]

    Case and number inflection of qɒːt ‘house[24]
    Case Number
    Singular Dual Plural
    NOM qɒːt

    house

    qɒːtɣən

    two houses

    qɒːtət

    houses

    DLAT qɒːtɐ

    to the house

    qɒːtɣənɐ

    to the two houses

    qɒːtətɐ

    to the houses

    LOC qɒːtnə

    in the house

    qɒːtɣənnə

    in the two houses

    qɒːtətnə

    in the houses

    ABL qɒːti

    from the house

    qɒːtɣəni

    from the two houses

    qɒːtəti

    from the houses

    APRX qɒːtnɐm

    towards the house

    qɒːtɣənnɐm

    towards the two houses

    qɒːtətnɐm

    towards the houses

    TRSL qɒːtɣə

    as the house

    qɒːtɣənɣə

    as the two houses

    qɒːtətɣə

    as the houses

    INSC qɒːtɐt

    with the house

    qɒːtɣənɐt

    with the two houses

    qɒːtətɐt

    with the houses

    COM qɒːtnɐt

    with the house

    qɒːtɣənnɐt

    with the two houses

    qɒːtətnɐt

    with the houses

    ABE qɒːtɬəɣ

    without the house

    qɒːtɣənɬəɣ

    without the two houses

    qɒːtətɬəɣ

    without the houses

    Pronouns[edit]

    Personal Pronouns in Surgut Kanty[24]
    Singular Dual Plural
    1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3.
    NOM mɐː nʉŋ ɬʉβ, ɬʉɣ miːn niːn ɬiːn məŋ nəŋ, niŋ ɬəɣ, ɬiɣ
    ACC mɐːnt nʉŋɐt ɬʉβɐt

    ɬʉβət

    miːnt

    miːnɐt

    niːnɐt ɬiːnɐt məŋɐt nəŋɐt ɬəɣɐt
    DAT mɐːntem nʉŋɐti ɬʉβɐti miːnɐtem

    miːntem minɐti

    niːnɐti ɬiːnɐti məŋɐtem

    məŋɐti

    nəŋɐti

    niŋɐti

    ɬəɣɐti
    LAT mɐːntemɐ nʉŋɐtinɐ

    nʉŋɐtenɐ nʉŋɐtijɐ

    ɬʉβɐtiɬɐ

    ɬʉβɐtinɐ ɬʉβɐtɐ

    miːnɐtemɐ

    miːntemɐ

    niːnɐtinɐ

    niːnɐtenɐ niːnɐtijɐ

    ɬiːnɐtiɬɐ

    ɬiːnɐtinɐ

    məŋɐtinɐ

    məŋɐtemɐ

    nəŋɐtinɐ

    nəŋɐtenɐ nəŋɐtijɐ

    ɬəɣɐtiɬɐ

    ɬəɣɐtinɐ

    LOC mɐːntemnə

    mɐːnə, mɐːnnə mɐːn

    nʉŋɐtinə

    nʉŋnə nʉŋən, nʉŋn

    ɬʉβɐtiɬnə

    ɬʉβɐtinə ɬʉβnə, ɬʉβən

    miːnɐtemnə

    miːntemnə miːnnə, miːnən

    niːnɐtinnə

    niːnən

    ɬiːnɐtiɬnə

    ɬiːnɐtinnə ɬiːnnə, ɬiːnən

    məŋɐtemnə

    məŋɐtinnə məŋnə, məŋən

    nəŋɐtinnə

    nəŋən, niŋnə

    ɬəɣɐtiɬnə

    ɬəɣɐtinnə ɬəɣnə, ɬəɣən

    ABL mɐːntemi

    mɐːni

    nʉŋɐtini

    nʉŋɐteni nʉŋi

    ɬʉβɐtiɬi

    ɬʉβɐtini ɬʉβɐti, ɬʉβi

    miːnɐtemi

    miːntemi miːnɐti, miːni

    niːnɐtini

    niːnɐteni niːni

    ɬiːnɐtiɬi

    ɬiːnɐtini ɬiːnɐti, ɬiːni

    məŋtemi

    məŋɐtini məŋɐti, məŋi

    nəŋɐtini

    nəŋɐteni niŋɐtiji, nəŋi

    ɬəɣɐtiɬi

    ɬəɣɐtini ɬəɣɐti, ɬəɣi

    APRX mɐːntemnɐm

    mɐːnnɐm

    nʉŋɐtəɬnɐm

    nʉŋɐtinɐm nʉŋɐtenɐm nʉŋnɐm

    ɬʉβɐtiɬnɐm

    ɬʉβɐtinɐm ɬʉβnɐm

    miːnɐtemnɐm

    miːnɐtimənɐ miːnɐm

    niːnɐtinɐm

    niːnɐtenɐm niːnɐnɐm

    ɬiːnɐtiɬnɐm

    ɬiːnɐtinɐm ɬiːnɐtijɐt

    məŋɐtemnɐm

    məŋɐtinɐm məŋnɐm

    nəŋɐtinɐm

    niŋɐtinɐm nəŋɐtenɐm nəŋɐtijɐ

    ɬəɣɐtiɬnɐm

    ɬəɣɐtinɐm ɬəɣnɐm

    TRSL mɐːntemɣə

    mɐːnɣə

    nʉŋɐtinɣə

    nʉŋɐtiɣə nʉŋɐtenɣə nʉŋkə

    ɬʉβɐtiɬɣə

    ɬʉβɐtinɣə ɬʉβɐtiɣə ɬʉβkə

    miːnɐtemɣə miːnɐtikkə miːnɣə niːnɐtinɣə niːnɐtiɣə niːnɐtikkə niːnɣə ɬiːnɐtiɬɣə ɬiːnɐtinɣə ɬiːnɐtikkə ɬiːnɣə məŋtemɣə məŋɐtinɣə məŋɐtikkə məŋkə nəŋɐtinɣə nəŋɐtiɣə nəŋɐtikkə nəŋkə ɬəɣɐtiɬɣə ɬəɣɐtinɣə ɬəɣɐtikkə ɬəɣkə
    INSC mɐːntemɐt nʉŋɐtinɐt nʉŋɐtenɐt nʉŋɐtijɐt ɬʉβɐtinɐt ɬʉβɐtiɬɐt ɬʉβɐtijɐt miːntemɐt niːnɐtinɐt niːnɐtenɐt niːnɐtijɐt ɬiːnɐtinɐt ɬiːnɐtiɬɐt ɬiːnɐtijɐt məŋɐtemɐt məŋɐteβɐt nəŋɐtinɐt nəŋɐtenɐt nəŋɐtijɐt ɬəɣɐtinɐt ɬəɣɐtiɬɐt ɬəɣɐtijɐt
    COM mɐːntemnɐt mɐːnnɐt nʉŋɐtinɐt nʉŋɐtenɐt nʉŋnɐt ɬʉβɐtiɬnɐt ɬʉβɐtəɬnɐt ɬʉβɐtinɐt ɬʉβnɐt miːnɐtemnɐt miːntemnɐt miːnnɐt niːnɐtinɐt niːnɐtenɐt niːnnɐt ɬiːnɐtiɬɐt ɬiːnɐtinɐt ɬiːnnɐt məŋɐtinɐt məŋɐtemnɐt məŋɐtiβnɐt məŋnɐt nəŋɐtinɐt nəŋɐtenɐt nəŋnɐt ɬəɣɐtiɬnɐt ɬəɣɐtinɐt ɬəɣnɐt
    ABE mɐːntemɬəɣ nʉŋɐtiɬəɣ nʉŋɐtinɬəɣ ɬʉβɐtiɬəɣ

    Explanation of the case abbreviations[edit]

    NOM: Nominative case

    ACC: Accusative case

    DAT: Dative case

    LAT: Lative case, collapse of differentiated local cases. Used to indicate the relative location.

    LOC: Locative case Used to indicate place and direction.[25]

    ABL: Ablative case, external case meaning: moving away from something.[26]

    APRX: Aproximative case, used to indicate a path towards.[25]

    TRSL: Translative case, used to indicate transformation.[26]

    INSC: Instructive case, related to Instrumental case, as in something is an instrument to an action.[26]

    COM: Comitatative case, meaning with something.[26]

    ABE: Abessive, ised to indicate that something is without x.[26]

    possessee[27]
    possessor singular dual plural
    1sg -əm -ɣəɬɐm -ɬɐm
    2sg -ən, -ɐ, -ɛ -ɣəɬɐ -ɬɐ
    3sg -əɬ -ɣəɬ -ɬɐɬ
    1du -imen -ɣəɬəmən -ɬəmən
    2du -n -ɣəɬən -ɬən
    3du -in -ɣəɬən -ɬən
    1pl -iβ -ɣəɬəβ -ɬəβ
    2pl -in -ɣəɬən -ɬən
    3pl -iɬ -ɣəɬ -ɬɐɬ

    Morphology[edit]

    Verbs[9][edit]

    Khanty verbs have to agree with the subject in person and number. There are two paradigms for conjugation. One where the verb only agrees with the subject (subjective conjugation column in the verbal suffixes table) and one where the verb agrees with both subject and object (objective conjugation in the same table). In a sentence with a subject and an object the subjective conjugation puts the object in focus. The same kind of sentence with objective conjugation leaves the object topically. [28]

    A table of verb suffixes in Khanty

    Khanty has the tenses present and past, the moods indicative and imperative and two voices, passive and active. [28] Generally, the present tense is marked and the past is unmarked, but for some verbs present and past are distinguished by vowel alternation or consonant insertion.[28] The order of suffixes is always tense-(passive.)number-person.[29]

    Non-finite verb forms are: infinitve, converb, and four particle verb forms.[29] Infinitive can complement a modal verb or a motion verb such as go. Standing alone it means necessity or possibility.[30]

    The participles are present, past, negative and conditional. The first two are in use while the latter two are seemingly going extinct.[30]

    Questions[edit]

    Yes/no questions are marked only by intonation. Indirect yes/no questions are constructed with “or” For example:[31] S/he asked if Misha was tired [or not]. Wh-questions most often contain a wh-word in the focus position.[31]

    Negation[edit]

    Negation is marked by the particle əntə, that appears adjecent to the verb and between the particles of particle verbs. [31] This is different from some other uralic languages as those thend to have a negation verb or at least a negation particle that is declined in some way.

    Syntax[edit]

    Both Khanty and Mansi are basically nominative–accusative languages but have innovative morphological ergativity. In an ergative construction, the object is given the same case as the subject of an intransitive verb, and the locative is used for the agent of the transitive verb (as an instrumental) . This may be used with some specific verbs, for example "to give": the literal Anglicisation would be "by me (subject) a fish (object) gave to you (indirect object)" for the equivalent of the sentence "I gave you a fish". However, the ergative is only morphological (marked using a case) and not syntactic, so that, in addition, these may be passivized in a way resembling English. For example, in Mansi, "a dog (agent) bit you (object)" could be reformatted as "you (object) were bitten, by a dog (instrument)".

    Khanty is an agglutinative language and employs an SOV order.[32]

    Word order[edit]

    On the phrasal level, the traditional relations are typical for an OV language. For example: PPs can come after the verb. Manner adverbs precede the verb. The verb phrase precedes the auxiliary. The possessor precedes the possessed.[33]

    On the sentence level, case alignment in Surgut Khanty clauses follows a nominative-accusative pattern.[34] Both the subject and the object can be dropped if they are pragmatically inferable.[33] This is possible even in the same sentence.

    Khanty is a verb final language, but this is not absolute as about 10% of sentences have other phrases behind the verb.[35] While the word order in matrix clauses is more variable, in embedded clauses it is quite strict.[36] The constraints are due to grammatical relations and discourse information. In older sources these phrases have content that was already introduced in the discourse while in newer sources newly introduced content can also be placed post verbally. Schön and Gugán speculate that this is because of contact with other languages, namely Russian.[35]

    Imperative[edit]

    Imperative clauses have the same structure as declarative sentences, apart from complex predicates where the verb may precede the preverb. Prohibitive sentences include a prohibitive particle.[37]

    Passive[edit]

    In Khanty passive voice is achieved by moving other phrases than the subject into subject position, focus on the agent and indefiniteness of the agent.[33]

    Pro-drop[edit]

    In Khanty names or pronouns can only be dropped if they are obvious from the context and marked on the verb.[33]

    Lexicon[edit]

    The lexicon of the Khanty varieties is documented relatively well. The most extensive early source is Toivonen (1948), based on field records by K. F. Karjalainen from 1898 to 1901. An etymological interdialectal dictionary, covering all known material from pre-1940 sources, is Steinitz et al. (1966–1993).

    Schiefer (1972)[38] summarizes the etymological sources of Khanty vocabulary, as per Steinitz et al., as follows:

    Inherited 30% Uralic 5%
    Finno-Ugric 9%
    Ugric 3%
    Ob-Ugric 13%
    Borrowed 28% Komi 7%
    Samoyedic
    (Selkup and Nenets)
    3%
    Tatar 10%
    Russian 8%
    unknown 40%

    Futaky (1975)[39] additionally proposes a number of loanwords from the Tungusic languages, mainly Evenki.

    Vocabulary examples[edit]

    Example text[edit]

    Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kazym Khanty:

    Хуԯыева мирӑт вәԯьня па имуртӑн вәԯты щира сєма питԯӑт. Ԯыв нумсаңӑт па ԯывеԯа еԯєм атум ут вєрты па кўтэԯн ԯыв ԯәхсӑңа вәԯԯӑт.[40]
    (Хуԓыева мирӑт вәԓьня па имуртӑн вәԓты щира сєма питԓӑт. Ԓыв нумсаӈӑт па ԓывеԓа еԓєм атум ут вєрты па кўтэԓн ԓыв ԓәхсӑӈа вәԓԓӑт.)

    Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:

    All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

    Notes[edit]

    1. ^ a b c RosStat. "Росстат — Итоги ВПН-2020. Том 5 Национальный состав и владение языками. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку" (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-02-04.
    2. ^ Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-06-08). "Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic". PLOS ONE. 17 (6): e0269648. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1769648R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269648. PMC 9176854. PMID 35675367.
    3. ^ Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). Geographical database of the Uralic languages (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188
    4. ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
    5. ^ Abondolo 2017
    6. ^ "Khanty language, alphabet and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
    7. ^ Gulya 1966, pp. 5–6.
    8. ^ a b The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 97.
    9. ^ a b The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022.
    10. ^ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, pp. 585–586.
    11. ^ "Proposal to encode Cyrillic letter Khanty Tje" (PDF). 2022-06-16.
    12. ^ a b Abondolo 1998, pp. 358–359.
    13. ^ Honti 1998, pp. 328–329.
    14. ^ Honti, László (1981), "Ostjakin kielen itämurteiden luokittelu", Congressus Quintus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum, Turku 20.-27. VIII. 1980, Turku: Suomen kielen seura, pp. 95–100
    15. ^ Honti 1998, p. 336.
    16. ^ a b c d Honti 1998, p. 338.
    17. ^ Estill, Dennis (2004). Diachronic change in Erzya word stress. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society. p. 179. ISBN 952-5150-80-1.
    18. ^ a b c Abondolo 1998, p. 360.
    19. ^ Filchenko 2007.
    20. ^ Csepregi 1998, pp. 12–13.
    21. ^ Honti 1998, p. 337.
    22. ^ Kaksin 2007.
    23. ^ Nikolaeva 1999.
    24. ^ a b Schön, Zsófia; Gugán, Katalin (2022-03-24). "East Khanty". The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford University PressOxford. pp. 608–635. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0032. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
    25. ^ a b Nikolaeva 1999, p. 13.
    26. ^ a b c d e Holmberg, Anders; Nikanne, Urpo; Oraviita, Irmeli; Reime, Hannu; Trosterud, Trond (1993). "The structure of INFL and the finite clause in Finnish". Case and other functional categories in Finnish syntax. p. 177. doi:10.1515/9783110902600.177. ISBN 978-3-11-013812-2.
    27. ^ Schön, Gugán, Zsófia, Katalin (2022). The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages. Oxford University Press. p. 615.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    28. ^ a b c The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 616.
    29. ^ a b The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 618.
    30. ^ a b The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 619.
    31. ^ a b c The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 625.
    32. ^ Grenoble, Lenore A (2003). Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4020-1298-3.
    33. ^ a b c d The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 622.
    34. ^ The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 622
    35. ^ a b The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 624.
    36. ^ Nikolaeva 1999, p. 57.
    37. ^ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 626.
    38. ^ Schiefer, Erhard (1972). "Wolfgang Steinitz. Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache. Lieferung 1 – 5, Berlin 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1972". Études Finno-Ougriennes. 9: 161–171.
    39. ^ Futaky, István (1975). Tungusische Lehnwörter des Ostjakischen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
    40. ^ Решетникова, Раиса (2014-09-17). "Хӑннєхә вәԯты щир оԯӑңӑн декларация нєпек - Всеобщая декларация прав человека". Хӑнты ясӑң (18).

    References[edit]

    • Abondolo, Daniel (1998). "Khanty". In Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). The Uralic Languages.
    • Csepregi, Márta (1998). Szurguti osztják chrestomathia (PDF). Studia Uralo-Altaica Supplementum. Vol. 6. Szeged. Retrieved 2014-10-11.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • Filchenko, Andrey Yury (2007). A grammar of Eastern Khanty (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Rice University. hdl:1911/20605.
    • Gulya, János (1966). Eastern Ostyak chrestomathy. Indiana University Publications, Uralic and Altaic series. Vol. 51.
    • Honti, László (1988). "Die Ob-Ugrischen Sprachen". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Uralic Languages.
    • Honti, László (1998). "ObUgrian". In Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). The Uralic Languages.
    • Kaksin, Andrej D. (2007). Казымский диалект хантыйского языка (in Russian). Khanty-Mansijsk: Obsko-Ugorskij Institut Prikladnykh Issledovanij i Razrabotok.
    • Steinitz, Wolfgang, ed. (1966–1993). Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache. Berlin.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • Toivonen, Y. H., ed. (1948). K. F. Karjalainen's Ostjakisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
    • Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena, eds. (2022-03-24). The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford University PressOxford. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
    • Nikolaeva, Irina Alekseevna (1999). Ostyak. Languages of the world: Materials. Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-562-1.
    • Holmberg, A., Nikanne, U., Oraviita, I., Reime, H., & Trosterud, T. (1993). The structure of INFL and the finite clause in Finnish. Case and other functional categories in Finnish syntax, 39, 177

    External links[edit]