Korean Women's Volunteer Labour Corps
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Korean Women's Volunteer Labour Corps (Korean: 조선여자근로정신대; Hanja: 朝鮮女子勤勞挺身隊) or Peninsula Women's Volunteer Corps (반도여자정신대; 半島女子挺身隊) was the Korean part of the Women's Volunteer Corps, which was created in April 1944 as a work group for Japanese and Korean women.[1] Although its official purpose was to give women a chance to serve the Empire of Japan prior to marriage, it was a means to compel women to perform labour duties.[1]
Overview[edit]
The original meaning of the term Volunteer Corps is take the initiative to organize for the country. The term was used for the war support groups in many areas. A labour shortage continued throughout the war, and the Volunteer Corps organization was started, followed by the Women's Volunteer Corps organization consisting of female labourers.
It is not clear when the Women's Volunteer Labour Corps started in Korea. Women's shipbuilding began with no legal basis. On 23 August 1944, the legal basis Women's Voluntary Labor Ordinance was carried out and the troops were officially launched. The Act was also applied to colonial Korea and Taiwan.[2]
Korean women without spouses aged from 12 to 40 belonged to the Troops, and they were designated to the munitions factories. There were many mobilization methods including agency of government offices, public recruitment, voluntary support, and propaganda through schools and organizations. 200,000 Japanese and Korean women were mobilized as workers, including 50,000-70,000 Korean people.[3][4][5][6][7][8]
Cases[edit]
In the spring of 1944, in South Chungcheong Province and South Jeolla Province, girls aged from 12 to 14 were recruited with invitation of school and job, forced to work in the military aircraft factory of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries with no payment.[9] Some of them were introduced by Japanese teachers.[10] The number of girls who worked in the factory is estimated at 400.[11]
It is testified that girls recruited from North Gyeongsang Province elsewhere were forced to work in logistics company, Fujikoshi Steel Industrial Co., Ltd. Toyama plant. They also did not receive proper wages. In 1943, Kim Kum-jin, who was a student of the Seoul Scientific Housekeeping School, heard the school president Hwang Sin-deok deploring that "[t]here are no students who support a labour volunteer corps. It is different from other schools", and she applied to the Corps.[12] Kim Kum-jin worked in Fujikoshi factory making bullets and returned home after the war.
It is also pointed out that they worked in Tokyo Textile Corporation Numazu plant, Mitsubishi Nagoya Aircraft Works Doutoku factory, Nagasaki Shipyard, Sagami Navy Yard, and Yawata Steel Works.
Difference from comfort women[edit]
The Korean Women's Volunteer Labour Corps was a mobilization of labour and was different from the comfort women who sexually serviced soldiers on the battlefield. The term "Volunteer Corps" was often used interchangeably with the term "comfort women" after the war.[13][14] Because of this misunderstanding, some of the forced labourers denied it, worried that they would be confused with comfort women. .[15]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- "후지코시 근로정신대 소송 항소심 제1차 공판 열려". 민족사랑. 민족문제연구소: 9. June 2008.
- ^ a b Brandon Palmer, Fighting for the Enemy: Koreans in Japan's War, 1937-1945 (Korean Studies of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies), University of Washington Press, 2013/7/30, ISBN 978-0295992587, p. 152.
- ^ 교과서포럼, 《대안교과서 한국 근·현대사》, 기파랑, 2008년, p.92.
- ^ "총인구 321만에 강제동원 인구 650만?", 《연합뉴스》, 2005년 4월 26일.
- ^ 한국 초대석 서울대 경제학부 이영훈 교수"일제 청산, 정확한 사실에 기초해야"사회적 통념에 도전하고 상식의 벽을 넘어선 용기있는 학자"일본군 위안부·징용자 수 과장"국민정서에 反한 주장으로 파문, 《한국i닷컴》, 2005년 5월 19일.
- ^ 이영훈, "국사 교과서 일제피해 과장됐다" "위안부 수십만-강제 연행 650만은 허구", 국사학계 논란 예고 Pressian 2005년 4월 26일.
- ^ 이영훈 교수 "교과서 속 '위안부 20만'에 찬성 못해", 《오마이뉴스》, 2005년 4월 26일.
- ^ 이영훈 교수, 수십만 위안부설은 “허수의 덫”, 《한겨레》, 2005년 4월 26일.
- ^ 이영훈 "국사교과서의 일제 수탈상은 신화"[usurped], 《중앙일보》, 2006년 6월 20일.
- ^ 오마이뉴스 (5 June 2007). "미쓰비시 조선여자근로정신대 들어보셨나요? - 손해배상 소송 항소심 또 기각... 정부와 정치권 관심 절실". OhmyNews. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
- ^ 김경식 (20 May 2007). "입학 69년 만에 나주초등 명예졸업장 - 근로정신대 강제동원 피해자 양금덕 할머니". 나주뉴스. Retrieved 12 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
- ^ 이국언 (18 September 2003). ""지금이라도 한국정부가 나서면 가능하다" - [인터뷰] '미쓰비시 조선여자근로정신대 소송' 두 일본인 변호사". OhmyNews. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
- ^ 반민족문제연구소 (1 March 1993). "황신덕 : 제자를 정신대로 보낸 여성 교육자 (장하진)". 친일파 99인 2. 서울: 돌베개. ISBN 9788971990124.
- ^ ‘여러분은 달러를 벌어주는 애국자입니다’ 증언 통해 “기지촌의 숨겨진 진실” 속속 드러나 2008/12/15
- ^ "Confusion with 'volunteer corps': Insufficient research at that time led to comfort women and volunteer corps seen as the same". The Asahi Shimbun. 22 August 2014.
- ^ "후지코시 근로정신대 소송 항소심 제1차 공판 열려". 민족사랑. 민족문제연구소: 8. June 2008.
External links[edit]
- Confusion with 'volunteer corps': Insufficient research at that time led to comfort women and volunteer corps seen as the same at Asahi Shimbun
- Organizations based in Korea under Japanese rule
- Empire of Japan
- Mitsubishi
- Women's organizations based in Korea
- Pacific theatre of World War II
- Women in war
- Unfree labor during World War II
- Organizations established in 1944
- Organizations disestablished in 1945
- 1944 establishments in Korea
- 1945 disestablishments in Korea
- History of women in Korea
- Women in Korea under Japanese rule