List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees

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The Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, which began in 1969, is a set of award based on Alfred Nobel's will given to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind."[1] Since 1901, the prestigious Swedish Prize have been awarded 609 times to 975 people and 27 organizations.

Up to date, there has only been one Brazilian citizen[a] awarded a Nobel Prize – the biologist Peter Medawar who won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Australian virologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet.[2][3] – despite numerous notable Brazilians have been nominated.[4][5] There are noted Brazilians and Brazilian-based organizations who are members of laureate organizations such as the Brazilian Red Cross being part of the League of Red Cross Societies when it won the 1963 Nobel Peace Prize and the Brazilian scientists, Sérgio Trindade and Carlos Nobre, who were members of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) when it was awarded in 2007.[6]

Laureates[edit]

Despite only having one Brazilian Nobel laureate, a number of Brazilians and Brazilian-based organizations were affiliated with laureate organizations at the time they were awarded:

Year Image Laureate Born Died Field Citation
Citizens
1960 Peter Medawar[a] 28 February 1915
Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		2 October 1987
London, United Kingdom 		Physiology or Medicine "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance."
(awarded together with Australian virologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet)

Nominations[edit]

Nominees[edit]

Since 1909, Brazilians have started to receive nominations for the prestigious Swedish prize in different categories. The following list are the nominees with verified nominations from the Nobel Committee and recognized international organizations. There are also other purported nominees whose nominations are yet to be verified since the archives are revealed 50 years after,[14] among them:

Image Nominee[33] Born Died Years Nominated Citation Nominator(s)
Physics
César Lattes 11 July 1924
Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil 		8 March 2005
Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil 		1949 "for his pioneering discovery and researches of the pion, a composite subatmic particle made of a quark and an antiquark."[34] Walter Scott Hill Rodríguez
(1903–1987)
 Uruguay
James Holley Bartlett
(1904–2000)
 United States
1951 Gleb Wataghin
(1899–1986)
 Italy
1952 Marcel Schein
(1902–1960)
 United States
1952, 1953, 1954 Leopold Ružička
(1887–1976)
  Switzerland
David Bohm[g] 20 December 1917
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States 		27 October 1992
London, United Kingdom 		1958 "for his causal and deterministic interpretation of quantum theory (now known as De Broglie–Bohm theory)."[36] H. Nakano (?)
 Japan
Chemistry
René Wurmser[h] 4 September 1890
Paris, France 		9 November 1993
Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, France 		1942 "for his research on blood preservation and transfusion."[37] Jean Baptiste Perrin[i]
(1870–1942)
 France
Fritz Feigl[j] 15 May 1891
Vienna, Austria 		23 January 1971
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1955 "for his development of spot analysis (spot test) and luminol."[38] R. Strebinger (?)
 Austria
1957 Felix Machatschki
(1895–1970)
 Austria
1962 R. Belcher (?)
 United Kingdom
1963, 1966 Hanns Malissa
(1920–2010)
 Austria
1963, 1969 Friedrich Hecht
(1903–1980)
 Austria
1966, 1967, 1969 P. W. West (?)
 United States
1967 Ami Glasner (?)
 Israel
Johanna Döbereiner 28 November 1924
Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic 		5 October 2000
Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1995, 1997 "for her research on the effectivity of using nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soybean farming."[39][40]
Physiology or Medicine
Carlos Chagas 9 July 1879
Oliveira, Minas Gerais, Brazil 		8 November 1934
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1913 "for his discovery of a new trypanosome disease (thyroidite parasitaire)."[41] Pirajá da Silva
(1873–1961)
 Brazil
1921 "for his research on malaria and paludism, and the discovery of Trypanozoma cruzi.[41] Hilário de Gouvêa
(1843–1929)
 Brazil
Antônio Cardoso Fontes 6 October 1879
Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		27 March 1943
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1934[k] "for his work on the ultravirus of the tubercle bacillus."[42] Michel Weinberg
(1868–1940)
 France
Adolfo Lutz 18 December 1855
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		6 October 1940
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1938 "for his work on tropical diseases (lepra, sporotrichosis, yellow fever, malaria) and their transmission." Octávio Coelho de Magalhães
(1880–1972)
 Brazil
Manuel de Abreu 4 January 1894
São Paulo, Brazil 		30 January 1962
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1946 "for his introduction of collective radiology photography: abreugraphy."[43] Ugo Pinheiro Guimarães
(1901–1992)
 Brazil
Arnaldo de Moraes
(1893–1961)
 Brazil
Alfredo Monteiro
(1893–1961)
 Brazil
Henrique Roxo
(1877–1969)
 Brazil
1951 "for his development of a collective systematic X-ray photography."[43] António Egas Moniz
(1874–1955)
 Portugal
1953 No motivation given. Francisco R. d'Ovidio (?)
 Brazil
Literature
Henrique Coelho Neto 21 February 1864
Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil 		28 November 1934
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1933 O Rajá de Pendjab (1898)
O Morto, Memórias de um Fuzilado (1898)
Theatro, vol. I–V (1897–1909)
Mano, Livro da Saudade (1924)[44] 		Hjalmar Hammarskjöld
(1862–1953)
 Sweden
20 members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
Flávio de Carvalho 10 August 1899
Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		4 June 1973
Valinhos, São Paulo, Brazil 		1939 A Cidade do Homem Nu (1930)
Dança do Deus Morto (1933)[45] 		Paul V. Shaw (?)
 Brazil
Manoel Wanderley
(prob. Manuel Bandeira (1886–1968)) 		Brazil Brazil 1941 [46] Francisco de Aquino Correia
(1885–1956)
 Brazil
Pietro Ubaldi* 18 August 1886
Foligno, Perugia, Italy 		29 February 1972
São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil 		1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969 A Grande Síntese (1932–35)
Ascensio Uma (1951)
Ascese Mística (1983) 		Academia Santista de Letras
1964 João de Freitas Guimarães (?)
 Brazil
1968 [l]
Erico Verissimo 17 December 1905
Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 		28 November 1975
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 		1963 As Aventuras do Avião Vermelho (1936)
O Tempo e o Vento
(1949–1961)
Noite (1954)
O Senhor Embaixador (1965) 		Jean Roche
(1901–1992)
 France
1968 [l]
Alceu Amoroso Lima 11 December 1893
Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		14 August 1983
Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1965 Mitos de Nosso Tempo (1943)
O Existencialismo e Outros Mitos de Nosso Tempo (1951)
Meditações Sobre o Mundo Interior (1953)
O Humanismo Ameaçado (1965)[47] 		Academia Mineira de Letras
Carlos Drummond de Andrade 31 October 1902
Itabira, Minas Gerais, Brazil 		17 August 1987
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1967 Sentimento do Mundo (1940)
A Rosa do Povo (1945)
As Impurezas do Branco (1973)
O Amor Natural (1992)[48] 		Gunnar Ekelöf
(1907–1968)
 Sweden
1969 Artur Lundkvist
(1906–1991)
 Sweden
Jorge Amado 10 August 1912
Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil 		6 August 2001
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil 		1967 O País do Carnaval (1931)
Jubiabá (1935)
Capitães da Areia (1937)
Terras do Sem Fim (1945)
Gabriela, Cravo e Canela (1958)
Tieta do Agreste (1977)
Farda Fardão Camisola de Dormir (1978)[49] 		Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais
Fred P. Ellison
(1922–2004)
 United States
Earl William Thomas
(1915–1981)
 United States
1967, 1968 Brazilian Writers Association
1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Antônio Olinto
(1919–2009)
 Brazil
1968, 1969 Jean Subirats (?)
 France
1969 Joracy Camargo
(1898–1973)
 Brazil
Vitorino Nemésio
(1901–1978)
 Portugal
1969, 1971 Laurent Versini
(1932–2021)
 France
1970 Marcos Almir Madeira
(1916–2003)
 Brazil
Gerardo Melo Mourão 8 January 1917
Ipueiras, Ceará, Brazil 		9 March 2007
Humaitá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1979 O País dos Mourões (1963)
Peripécia de Gerardo (1972)
Valete de Espadas (1986)
O Bêbado de Deus (2000)[50]
Ferreira Gullar 10 September 1930
São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil 		4 December 2016
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		2002 A Luta Corporal (1954)
Poema Sujo (1976)
Barulhos (1987)
Indagações de Hoje (1989)[51] 		Brazilian Academy of Letters
Ariano Suassuna 16 June 1927
João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil 		23 July 2014
Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil 		2012 O Auto da Compadecida (1955)
A Caseira e a Catarina (1962)
O Santo e a Porca (1964)
A Pedra do Reino (1971)[52][53] 		Cássio Cunha Lima
(b. 1963)
 Brazil
Moniz Bandeira 30 December 1935
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil 		10 November 2017
Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Brazil 		2015 Retrato e Tempo (1960)
O Feudo – A Casa da Torre de Garcia d'Ávila (2001)
Formação do Império Americano (2005)[54] 		Brazilian Writers Union
Lygia Fagundes Telles 19 April 1918
São Paulo, Brazil 		3 April 2022
São Paulo, Brazil 		2016 Ciranda de Pedra (1955)
Antes do Baile Verde (1970)
As Meninas (1973)
Seminário dos Ratos (1998)[55]
Carlos Nejar 11 January 1939
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 		— 2017 Livro de Silbion (1963)
Ordenações (1971)
Árvore do Mundo (1977)
A Idade da Eternidade (2001)[56] 		Brazilian Academy of Letters
Emanuel Medeiros Vieira 31 March 1945
Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil 		29 July 2019
Brasília, Brazil 		2018 Sexo, Tristeza e Flores (1976)
Um Dia Estarás Comigo no Paraíso (1985)
No Altiplano: Contemplando o Comandante Ernesto (2000)
Olhos Azuis – Ao Sul do Efêmero (2009)[57] 		International Writers Association
Deonísio da Silva 1948
Siderópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil 		— 2022 Avante, Soldados: Para Trás (1992)
Teresa D'Ávila (1997)
Goethe e Barrabás (2008)
Stefan Zweig Deve Morrer (2012)[58][59] 		Academia Internacional de Escritores Basileiros
Peace
Sebastião de Magalhães Lima 30 May 1850
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		7 December 1928
Lisbon, Portugal 		1909 No motivation given.[60] Feio Terenas
(1850–1920)
 Portugal
José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco 20 April 1845
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		10 February 1912
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1911 "for his efforts to secure Brazil's borders through several boundary settlements and to solve the conflicts between Brazil and its neighboring countries, and also for participating in the Brazilian abolitionist movement and directly engaging in 27 arbitration treaties."[61] Gonzalo de Quesada y Aróstegui
(1868–1915)
 Cuba
  • Carlos Peixoto
    (1845–1928)
     Brazil
  • J. de Medeinos (?)
     Brazil
Érico da Gama Coelho 7 March 1849
Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		26 November 1922
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1916 No motivation given.[62] Alcindo Guanabara
(1865–1918)
 Brazil
Raimundo Teixeira Mendes 5 January 1855
Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil 		28 June 1927
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1924 "for his role as the leader of 'Eglis positiviste' in Brazil."[63] Joaquim Luís Osório (?)
 Brazil
Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute founded on 21 October 1838 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1924 No motivation given.[64] Clóvis Beviláqua
(1859–1944)
 Brazil
Afrânio de Melo Franco 25 February 1870
Paracatu, Minas Gerais, Brazil 		1 January 1943
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1935 "for his role as mediator in the conflict between Colombia and Peru."[m][65] Elihu Root (1845–1937) et al.[n]
 United States
1935, 1937 Carlos Concha Cárdenas
(1888–1944)
 Peru
1937
1938[o]
Oswaldo Aranha 15 February 1894
Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 		27 January 1960
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1948 "for his peace efforts when he was serving as Brazilian ambassador to the United States, and for his work while serving as president of the United Nations General Assembly."[66] members of the Costa Rican Government
Americano Jorge (?)
 Brazil
Enrique García Sayán
(1905–1978)
 Peru
Edwin Borchard
(1884–1951)
 United States
Philadelpho Azevedo
(1894–1951)
 Brazil
83 members of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies
40 members of the Brazilian Senate
Carlos Saavedra Lamas
(1878–1959)
 Argentina
Cordell Hull (1871–1955)
 United States
Henrique Vasconcellos Brazil Brazil 1952 "for his books on World Government."[67] Saulo Ramos
(1929–2013)
 Brazil
Josué de Castro 5 September 1908
Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil 		24 September 1973
Paris, France 		1953 "for his work on increase in population and access to food through his book Geography of Hunger (1952)."[68]
Richard Acland
(1906–1990)
 United Kingdom
Aneurin Bevan
(1897–1960)
 United Kingdom
1963 "for his book The Geography of Hunger (1952)."[68] Lewis Silkin
(1889–1972)
 United Kingdom
1965 "for his efforts in the pursuit of a world at peace, a world freed from war, and a world freed from hunger."[68]
1964 "for his outstanding service to the establishment of permanent peace and towards the abolishment of hunger."[68] Gilbert McAllister
(1906–1964)
 United Kingdom
1965 "for his relentless work to eradicate hunger."[68] R. B. Vieilleville (?)
 France
1970 "for his active part in all organizations working for world peace."[68] John Boyd Orr
(1880–1971)
 United Kingdom
1973 [69] David Wismark (?)
 Sweden
Raul Fernandes 24 October 1877
Valença, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		6 January 1968
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1953, 1954 "for his contribution in establishing The International Court of Justice."[70] Haroldo Valladão
(1901–1987)
 Brazil
1953 Sousa Arruda (?)
 Brazil
Cândido Rondon 5 May 1865
Santo Antônio do Leverger, Mato Grosso, Brazil 		19 April 1958
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1953 "for promoting peace in the territorial dispute between Colombia and Peru and working with the Indian Protection Service."[71] Emily Greene Balch
(1867–1961)
 United States
Álvaro Pereira de Sousa Lima
(1890–1968)
 Brazil
Damião Peres
(1889–1976)
 Portugal
Jean Silvandre
(1896–1960)
 France
1957 "for his outstanding devotion to protect the Indians of Brazil, and his contribution to creating peace in the conflict between Peru and Columbia, concerning Leticia."[71] Nereu Ramos
(1888–1958)
 Brazil
"for his splendid work for the civilization of Indians in Brazil, in addition he did much for cordiality and world peace as in de conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Colombia."[71] Mario Faria[p] (?)
 Brazil
"for his outstanding work for the civilization of Indians in Brazil, among whom he had lived for many years and having done much for cordiality and world peace as in the conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Columbia."[71] Henry P. De Vries
(1911–1986)
 United States
"for his activities in favour of the Indians of Brazil and for promoting peace while acting as a president of the Arbitration Committee in the conflict between Columbia and Peru, concerning Leticia."[71] Raul Jobim Bittencourt
(1902–1985)
 Brazil
"for his lengthy work in Brazil where he demonstrated extraordinary qualities by helping to ensure Peace."[71] Damião Peres
(1889–1976)
 Portugal
"for his extraordinary humanitarian work on behalf of the indigenous people in Brazil, and his efforts to restore peace during the conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Columbia."[71] Cesar Salay (?)
 Cuba
Hélder Câmara 7 February 1909
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil 		27 August 1999
Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil 		1970 "for his work to promote development as a foundation for peace and his belief that progress must be made in a non-violent way."[72] Brendan Corish
(1918–1990)
 Ireland
14 members of the Irish Parliament
Cláudio Villas-Bôas 8 December 1916
Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil 		1 March 1998
São Paulo, Brazil 		1971,[q] 1972, 1973[69] "in recognition of their lifelong struggle to save the Indians in Amazonia, and their unique achievements in approaching and pacifying primitive tribes and protecting them in Brazil's first national park."[73][74] Alan Lennox-Boyd
(1904–1983)
 United Kingdom
Orlando Villas-Bôas 12 January 1914
Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, Brazil 		12 December 2002
São Paulo, Brazil
Abdias do Nascimento 14 March 1914
Franca, São Paulo, Brazil 		23 May 2011
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1978 "for his important contributions to black civil rights and Afro-Brazilian culture for several decades in Brazil through art and education."[75] Gerardo Melo Mourão
(1917–2007)
 Brazil
2004 "for his dedications to combat racism in the diverse realms of social and political activism as well as culture and the arts." Institute of Racial and Environmental Advocacy[r]
2009 "for his major contributions to Négritude and Pan-African movements, and for his efforts to end and resist racial discrimination in Brazil."[76] Clóvis Brigagão[s] (?)
 Portugal
Chico Xavier 2 April 1910
Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil 		30 June 2002
Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 		1981, 1982 "for his contributions to Spiritist movement and for his outstanding charity towards the poor in Brazil."[77][78]
Dulce de Souza Pontes, S.M.I.C. 26 May 1914
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil 		13 March 1992
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil 		1988, 1992 "for her tireless caring of the poor and defending the rights of workers in Bahia."[79][78] José Sarney (b. 1930)
 Brazil
Paulo Evaristo Arns, O.F.M. 14 September 1921
Forquilhinha, Santa Catarina, Brazil 		14 December 2016
São Paulo, Brazil 		1989 "for his courageous struggle and relentless opposition against the Brazilian military dictatorship and its human rights abuses."[78]
Paulo Freire 19 September 1921
Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil 		2 May 1997
São Paulo, Brazil 		1993 "for helping people both through his philosophy and his practice of critical pedagogy."[80]
Herbert de Souza 3 November 1935
Bocaiúva, Minas Gerais, Brazil 		9 August 1997
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1994 "for having carried out various activities in defense of human rights and action against economic injustices and government corruption."[78]
52 Brazilian women (part of the 1000 PeaceWomen)[t] began in 2003 in Bern, Switzerland 2005 "in recognition of women's efforts and visibility in promoting peace all over the world."[82] Ruth-Gaby Vermont-Mangold
(b. 1941)
  Switzerland
Zilda Arns Neumann 25 August 1934
Forquilhinha, Santa Catarina, Brazil 		12 January 2010
Port-au-Prince, Haiti 		2005 being part of the 1000 PeaceWomen
2006 "for her humanitarian work on behalf of Pastoral da Criança."[78]
Augusto Boal 16 March 1931
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		2 May 2009
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		2008 "for the importance of his work, considerably helping expand the use and practice of Theatre of the Oppressed techniques for the benefit of many oppressed people and communities."[83]
Flávio Duncan 12 September 1979
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		— 2012 "in recognition of his social engagements and innovative projects benefitting thousands of youths and children."[84][85]
Gaetano Brancati Luigi[u] Italy — 2015 "for his work in sowing the culture of peace on all continents."[78][86]
Maria da Penha 1 February 1945
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil 		— 2017 "for her courageous commitment to end domestic violence against women."[78][87]
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 27 October 1945
Caetés, Pernambuco, Brazil 		— 2018 "for throughout his social commitments to trade unions and as a politician, he has developed public policies to overcome hunger and poverty in his country."[88][89][90] Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
(b. 1931)
 Argentina
Luiz Gabriel Tiago — — 2018 "for his social actions in Brazil and abroad on behalf of his enterprise, Pontinho de Luz."[91][92] Célio Celli de Oliveira Lima (?)
 Brazil
Raoni Metuktire c. 1932
Kapot Indigenous Territory, Mato Grosso, Brazil 		— 2020 "for a lifetime of work protecting the Amazon rainforest."[93][94] Darcy Ribeiro Foundation
Moura Ribeiro 28 September 1953
Santos, São Paulo, Brazil 		— 2020 "for his application of humanistic capitalism in the judicial activity."[95][96] Ricardo Sayeg
(b. 1967)
 Brazil
Alysson Paolinelli 10 July 1936
Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil 		— 2021 "for his efforts, as an agronomist, to reduce hunger in the country and in the world."[97][98] Durval Dourado Neto (?)
 Brazil
Economic Sciences
Celso Furtado 26 July 1920
Pombal, Paraíba, Brazil 		20 November 2004
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		2004 "for his research on development and underdevelopment and on the persistence of poverty in peripheral countries throughout the world – a key contribution to economic structuralism."[99][100]

Nominators[edit]

The following list of Brazilian-based organizations and individuals became nominators of various candidates, local and international, for the Nobel Prize.[101]

Image Nominator Born Died Nominee Motivation Year
Nominated
Physics
Carlos Chagas 9 July 1879
Oliveira, Minas Gerais, Brazil 		8 November 1934
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		Donald William Kerst
(1911–1993)
 United States 		"for the development of the betatron, a novel type of particle accelerator used to accelerate electrons." 1947[102]
Physiology or Medicine
Braut P. Lewe — — Carlos Finlay
(1833–1915)
 Cuba 		"for work on the transmission of yellow fever." 1912[103]
Pirajá da Silva 28 January 1873
Camamu, Bahia, Brazil 		1 March 1961
São Paulo, Brazil 		Carlos Chagas
(1879–1934)
 Brazil 		"for his discovery of a new trypanosome disease (thyroidite parasitaire)." 1913[104]
Hilário de Gouvêa 23 September 1843
Caeté, Minas Gerais, Brazil 		25 October 1923
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		"for his research on malaria and paludism, and the discovery of Trypanozoma cruzi." 1921[105]
C. S. de Magalhães — — Patrick Manson
(1844–1922)
 United Kingdom 		"for his work in the field of tropical medicine." 1921[106]
J. A. Pupo — — Constantin Levaditi
(1874–1953)
 Romania 		"for his work on experimental syphilis." 1924[107]
Martin Ficker 17 November 1868
Sohland an der Spree, Saxony, Germany 		22 November 1950
São Paulo, Brazil 		Hermann Rein
(1898–1953)
 Germany 		"for his work on blood circulation." 1936[108]
Octávio Coelho de Magalhães 31 January 1880
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		16 June 1972
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		Adolfo Lutz
(1855–1940)
 Brazil 		"for his work on tropical diseases (lepra, sporotrichosis, yellow fever, malaria) and their transmission." 1938[109]
Flamínio Fávero 26 October 1895
São Paulo, Brazil 		12 February 1982
São Paulo, Brazil 		Walter Bradford Cannon
(1871–1945)
 United States 		"for his research on the secretion of adrenalin and its relation to the sympathetic nervous system." 1941[110]
Franklin de Moura Campos 26 October 1896
Tietê, São Paulo, Brazil 		4 October 1962
São Paulo, Brazil 		1941[111]
Luciano Gualberto 14 January 1883
Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		21 September 1959
São Paulo, Brazil 		1941[112]
Renato Locchi 7 May 1896
Anhembi, São Paulo, Brazil 		21 May 1978
São Paulo, Brazil
1941[113]

António Egas Moniz
(1874–1955)
 Portugal 		"for his research on surgical treatment of functional mental disorders and diagnosis of brain tumors by means of arterial encephalography." 1949[113]
L. da Cunha Motta Brazil Brazil Harry Goldblatt
(1891–1977)
 United States 		"for his experimental method of producing hypertension through renal ischemia." 1941[114]
Irvine Page
(1901–1991)
 United States 		"for his studies on experimental arterial hypertension."
Antônio de Almeida Prado 13 June 1889
Itu, São Paulo, Brazil 		7 June 1965
São Paulo, Brazil 		Walter Bradford Cannon
(1871–1945)
 United States 		"for his research on the secretion of adrenalin and its relation to the sympathetic nervous system." 1941[115]
António Egas Moniz
(1874–1955)
 Portugal 		"for his work on surgical treatment of mental disorders and on cerebral angiography." 1950[115]
Henrique Roxo 4 July 1877
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		17 February 1969
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		Manuel de Abreu
(1894–1962)
 Brazil 		"for his introduction of collective radiology photography: abreugraphy." 1946[116]
Alfredo Pereira Monteiro 15 May 1891
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		9 February 1961
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1946[117]
Arnaldo de Moraes 28 August 1893
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		6 April 1961
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1946[118]
Ugo Pinheiro Guimarães 12 March 1901
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		29 December 1992
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1946[119]
Agenor Porto Brazil Brazil Bernardo Alberto Houssay
(1887–1971)
 Argentina 		"for his discovery of the physiological role of the anterior hypophysis in carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes, work on heart sounds, the relation of the kidney to hypertension, work on the adrenal glands, thymus, thyreoidea and snake venom." 1946[120]
"for his work on endocrine secretion, role of the kidney in arterial hypertension, and work on snake venom." 1947[120]
Ernesto de Sousa Campos 21 September 1882
Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil 		1 January 1970
São Paulo, Brazil 		António Egas Moniz
(1874–1955)
 Portugal 		"for his research on surgical treatment of functional mental disorders and diagnosis of brain tumors by means of arterial encephalography." 1949[121]
Jayme Periera — — 1949[122]
Raul Carlos Briquet 8 February 1887
Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil 		5 September 1953
São Paulo, Brazil 		Edwin Joseph Cohn
(1892–1953)
 United States 		"for his research on the fractionation of plasma proteins, and their therapeutic use." 1950[123]
Francisco d'Ovidio — — Manuel de Abreu
(1894–1962)
 Brazil 		No motivation given. 1953[124]
Paulo Tibiriçá — — Hans Selye
(1907–1982)
 Canada 		No motivation given. 1953[125]
Paulo Moreira — — 1953[126]
Luiz Francisco Guerra Blessmann 10 December 1891
Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 		— 1953[127]
Literature
Imperial Academy of Fine Arts founded in 1816 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Guglielmo Ferrero
(1871–1942)
 Italy 		Between Two Worlds (1913)
The Greatness and Decline of Rome, vol. 1–5 (1907–1909)
Peace and War (1933)
The Two Truths (1933–39) 		1923[128]
Academia Brasileira de Letras founded on 20 July 1897 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Henrique Coelho Neto
(1864–1934)
 Brazil 		O Rajá de Pendjab (1898)
O Morto, Memórias de um Fuzilado (1898)
Theatro, vol. I–V (1897–1909)
Mano, Livro da Saudade (1924) 		1933[129]
Enrique Larreta
(1875–1961)
 Argentina 		La Gloria de Don Ramiro (1908)
La que buscaba Don Juan (1923)
Santa Maria del Buen Aire: Drama en Tres Actos (1935) 		1942[130]
Júlio Dantas
(1876–1962)
 Portugal 		A Ceia dos Cardeais (1902)
La Cortina Verde (1919)
A Severa (1931)
Pecado (1951) 		1951[131]
Paul V. Shaw — — Flávio de Carvalho
(1899–1973)
 Brazil 		A Cidade do Homem Nu (1930)
Dança do Deus Morto (1933) 		1939[132]
Francisco de Aquino Correia, S.D.B. 2 April 1885
Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil 		22 March 1956
São Paulo, Brazil 		Manoel Wanderley
(prob. Manuel Bandeira (1886–1968)) 		1941[133]
Afonso Costa 2 August 1885
Jacobina, Bahia, Brazil 		30 December 1955
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		Gabriela Mistral
(1889–1957)
 Chile 		Sonetos de la Muerte (1914)
Desolación (1922)
Ternura (1924)
Tala (1938) and Lagar (1954) 		1942[134]
Fidelino de Figueiredo[v] 20 July 1888
Lisbon, Portugal 		20 March 1967
Lisbon, Portugal 		Alfonso Reyes
(1889–1959)
 Mexico 		Cuestiones Estéticas (1911)
El Cazador: Ensayos y Divagaciones (1911–20)
Visión de Anáhuac (1917)
Árbol de Pólvora (1953) 		1953[135]
Paulo de Medeiros — — Ramón Menéndez Pidal
(1869–1968)
 Spain 		Crónicas Generales de España (1898)
Orígenes del Español (1926)
Flor Nueva de Romances Viejos (1928)
La España del Cid (1929)
Romancero Hispánico: Teoría e Historia (1953) 		1956[136]
Brazilian PEN-Club founded on 2 April 1936 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rómulo Gallegos
(1884–1969)
 Venezuela 		Doña Bárbara (1929)
Cantaclaro (1934)
Canaima (1935)
El Último Patriota (1957) 		1960[137]
Academia Santista de Letras founded on 23 June 1956
Santos, São Paulo, Brazil 		Pietro Ubaldi
(1886–1972)
 Italy 		A Grande Síntese (1932–35)
Ascensio Uma (1951)
Ascese Mística (1983) 		1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969[138]
João de Freitas Guimarães — — 1964[139]
Academia Mineira de Letras founded in 1919 in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil Alceu Amoroso Lima
(1893–1983)
 Brazil 		Mitos de Nosso Tempo (1943)
O Existencialismo e Outros Mitos de Nosso Tempo (1951)
Meditações Sobre o Mundo Interior (1953)
O Humanismo Ameaçado (1965) 		1965[140]
Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais founded on 27 September 1917 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Jorge Amado
(1912–2001)
 Brazil 		O País do Carnaval (1931)
Jubiabá (1935)
Capitães da Areia (1937)
Terras do Sem Fim (1945)
Gabriela, Cravo e Canela (1958)
Tieta do Agreste (1977)
Farda Fardão Camisola de Dormir (1978) 		1967[141]
Brazilian Writers Association Brazil 1967, 1968[142]
Antônio Olinto 10 May 1919
Ubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil 		12 September 2009
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1967, 1968, 1969, 1970[143]
Joracy Camargo 18 October 1898
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		11 March 1973
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1969[144]
Marcos Almir Madeira 21 February 1916
Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		19 October 2003
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1970[145]
Peace
Carlos Peixoto[w] 1 June 1871
Ubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil 		29 August 1917
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		José Paranhos
(1845–1912)
 Brazil 		"for his efforts to secure Brazil's borders through several boundary settlements and to solve the conflicts between Brazil and its neighboring countries, and also for participating in the Brazilian abolitionist movement and directly engaging in 27 arbitration treaties." 1911[146]
J. de Medeinos[w] — — 1911[146]
Alcindo Guanabara 19 July 1865
Magé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		20 August 1918
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		Érico da Gama Coelho
(1849–1922)
 Brazil 		No motivation given.[x] 1916[147]
Joaquim Luís Osório
(prob. Osório Duque-Estrada (1870–1927)) 		— — Raimundo Teixeira Mendes
(1855–1927)
 Brazil 		"for his role as the leader of 'Eglis positiviste' in Brazil." 1924[148]
Clóvis Beviláqua 4 October 1859
Viçosa do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil 		26 July 1944
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute
(founded in 1838)
 Brazil 		No motivation given. 1924[149]
National Congress of Brazil founded on 6 May 1826 in Brasilia, Brazil Afrânio de Melo Franco
(1870–1943)
 Brazil 		"for his role as mediator in the conflict between Colombia and Peru and for having furthered international economic cooperation." 1935[150]
Edmundo da Luz Pinto[y] 5 January 1898
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		15 July 1963
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1938[151]
Mário de Pimentel Brandão 9 October 1889
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		23 October 1956
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		Cordell Hull
(1871–1955)
 United States 		"for his efforts to improve relations between the United States and Latin America, wherein encouraged détente and a spirit of peace on the American continent through his Pan-American policy, the so-called 'Good Neighbor Policy', and for his efforts to establish a liberal economic policy and to remove international trade restrictions." 1938[152]
Philadelpho Azevedo[y] 13 March 1894
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		7 May 1951
The Hague, Netherlands 		Afrânio de Melo Franco
(1870–1943)
 Brazil 		"for his role as mediator in the conflict between Colombia and Peru." 1938[153]
Oswaldo Aranha
(1894–1960)
 Brazil 		"for his peace efforts when he was serving as Brazilian ambassador to the United States, and for his work while serving as president of the United Nations General Assembly."
1948[153]

Americano Jorge — — 1948[154]
40 members of the Brazilian Federal Senate founded on 6 May 1826 in Brasilia, Brazil 1948[155]
83 members of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies 1948[156]
Hans Jordan 3 March 1892
Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil 		21 March 1967
Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil 		Paul Harris
(1868–1947)
 United States 		No motivation given. 1947[157]
Saulo Saul Ramos 22 October 1907
Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil 		11 August 1984
Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		Henrique Vasconcellos (?)
 Brazil 		"for his books on World Government." 1952[158]
E. L. Viana[z] — — Josué de Castro
(1908–1973)
 Brazil 		"for his work on increase in population and access to food through his book Geography of Hunger (1952)." 1953[159]
Victor Nunes Leal[z] 11 November 1914
Carangola, Minas Gerais, Brazil 		17 May 1985
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		1953[159]
Sousa Arruda — — Raul Fernandes
(1877–1968)
 Brazil 		"for his contribution in establishing The International Court of Justice." 1953[160]
Haroldo Valladão 5 September 1901
São Paulo, Brazil 		7 April 1987
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1953,[161] 1954[162]

The Hague Academy of International Law
(founded in 1923)
 Netherlands 		No motivation given. 1973[69]
Álvaro Pereira de Sousa Lima 23 May 1890
Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil 		5 May 1968
São Paulo, Brazil 		Cândido Rondon
(1865–1958)
 Brazil 		"for promoting peace in the territorial dispute between Colombia and Peru and working with the Indian Protection Service." 1953[163]
Nereu Ramos 3 September 1888
Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil 		16 June 1958
São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil 		"for his outstanding devotion to protect the Indians of Brazil, and his contribution to creating peace in the conflict between Peru and Columbia, concerning Leticia." 1957[164]
Mario Faria[p] — — "for his splendid work for the civilization of Indians in Brazil, in addition he did much for cordiality and world peace as in de conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Colombia." 1957[165]
Raul Jobim Bittencourt 2 January 1902
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 		20 March 1985
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		"for his activities in favour of the Indians of Brazil and for promoting peace while acting as a president of the Arbitration Committee in the conflict between Columbia and Peru, concerning Leticia." 1957[166]
Carlos Domingues 5 May 1896
Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil 		22 February 1974
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 		Universal Esperanto Association
(founded in 1908)
 Netherlands 		"for its successful efforts in developing admirable activity in favour of international understanding and world peace." 1961, 1963[167]
Pedro Calmon 23 December 1902
Amargosa, Bahia, Brazil 		16 June 1985
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1961[168]

Habib Bourguiba
(1903–2000)
 Tunisia 		"for his efforts towards a peaceful coexistence between the Arab world and Israel." 1966[168]
Carlos Dunshee de Abranches 1913
Brazil 		1983
Brazil 		Organization of American States
(founded in 1948)
 United States 		No motivation given. 1967[169]
Moacyr de Oliveira — — International Labour Organization
(founded in 1919)
  Switzerland 		"for its work for peace by promoting social justice." 1969[170]
Jarbas Passarinho 11 January 1920
Xapuri, Acre, Brazil 		5 June 2016
Brasilia, Brazil 		"for its contribution to world peace by its work for social justice." 1969[171]
Vanessa Grazziotin 29 June 1961
Videira, Santa Catarina, Brazil 		— Edward Snowden
(b. 1983)
 United States 		"for exposing the extent of electronic surveillance of citizens across the world, wherein he has restored the fundamental principle of transparency to democracy." 2014[172][173]
Darcy Ribeiro Foundation founded in 1996 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Raoni Metuktire
(b. 1932)
 Brazil 		"for a lifetime of work protecting the Amazon rainforest." 2020[174]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Medawar acquired a Brazilian citizenship by birth as dictated by the Brazilian nationality law (jus soli). He left the country, together with his parents, at the age of 14 to finish high school in the United Kingdom. At age 18, he renounced his Brazilian citizenship when he refused to be drafted in the military and after his appeal for exemption was denied. When the Nobel Committee awarded him the Prize, he was acknowledged as a British citizen. It was only after his death when he was recognized also as being a Brazilian Nobel laureate.[12][13]
  2. ^ Since 1919, the Cruz Vermelha Brasileira (founded on 5 December 1908 in Brasília, Brazil) has been a members of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies which won the 1963 Nobel Peace Prize.[7]
  3. ^ UNICEF Brazil was founded in 1950 in Brasília, Brazil.
  4. ^ Carlos Nobre (born on 27 March 1951 in São Paulo, Brazil) was one of the 127 lead authors in the fourth assessment report that created a global action framework upon which countries agreed to adopt measures to address climate change. This report led to the awarding of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.[8][9]
  5. ^ Sérgio Trindade (born: 14 December 1940 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; died: 18 March 2020 in New York City, United States) was the coordinating lead author for a chapter of an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report when it won the 2007 Peace Prize.[6]
  6. ^ Cristian Wittmann has been working with ICAN since 2004 and is the only Brazilian to participate in ICAN's Management Committee.[10][11]
  7. ^ David Bohm applied for and received Brazilian citizenship, but by law, had to give up his US citizenship; he was able to reclaim it only decades later, in 1986, after pursuing a lawsuit.[35]
  8. ^ The French biophysicist R. Wurmser was nominated while working temporarily as professor at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  9. ^ J. B. Perrin nominated R. Wurmser as his first choice and G. Bertrand as his second choice.
  10. ^ F. Fiegl immigrated to Brazil in 1940 and obtained a citizenship in 1944.
  11. ^ A. C. Fontes was nominated together with the French biologist Gaston Ramon (1886–1963).
  12. ^ a b The name of the nominator(s) of this nomination was not present in the list of nominations for 1968.
  13. ^ The conflict between Colombia and Peru erupted in 1932 when 300 Peruvians occupied the Leticia harbour. The jurisdiction over Leticia had been handed over from Peru to Colombia in 1922.
  14. ^ A. de Melo Franco alone received 43 nominations in 1935. His nomination was endorsed by Charles Hardinge (1858–1944), Hugh Lowther (1857–1944), Jan Kosters (1874–1951), George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (1888–1963), members of the Chilean Parliament, members of the Peruvian Congress, Bernard Loder (1849–1935), members of the Peruvian Congress, 3 Venezuelan members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, members of the Portuguese Government, members of the Brazilian Parliament, members of the Mexican Parliament, members of the Uruguayan Senate, members of the Ecuadorian Senate and Government, Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez (1890–1972), members of the Cuban Government, Rufus Isaacs (1860–1935), Thomas Coats (1894–1974), Charles de Visscher (1884–1973), Cecil Hurst (1870–1963), Georges Dumas (1866–1946), Cosme de la Torriente y Peraza (1872–1956), Miguel Cruchaga Tocornal (1869–1949), Juan José de Arteaga (?), Carel Daniël Asser (1866–1939), Thomas Barclay (1853–1941), Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada (1871–1939), Robert Horne (1871–1940), Bufete Dolz (?), Paul Latham (1905–1955), Pablo Desvernine (?), Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven (1865–1951), Giuseppe Motta (1871–1940), A. Anema (?), Sun Fo (1891–1973), Nicolae Titulescu (1882–1941), José Caeiro da Mata (1883–1963) and Damião Peres (1889–1976).
  15. ^ The nomination was also signed by two persons whose right to nominate was uncertain. The Brazilian ambassador to Oslo submitted the nomination.
  16. ^ a b M. Faria's nomination of Candido Mariano de Silva Rondon was joined by other professors of law at the University of Santos.
  17. ^ Claudio and Orlando Villas-Bôas was also nominated by 2 professors from the University of Paris for the 1971 Nobel Peace Prize.
  18. ^ The nomination was lead its director, Humberto Adami (b. 1958).
  19. ^ Brigagão's nomination of A. do Nascimento was endorsed by over 130 people and institutions, Brazilian and foreign. In addition to the 132 letters of endorsement from academics, politicians, university presidents, civil society organizations and dignitaries in Brazil and abroad, a petition in support of the nomination received more than 660 adhesions in less than two months.
  20. ^ The 52 Brazilian women who formed part in the 1000 PeaceWomen were Albertina Duarte Takiuti (b. 1946), Alzira Rufino (b. 1949), Ana Maria Machado (b. 1941), Ana Montenegro (1915–2006), Benedita da Silva (b. 1942), Concita Maia (b. 1951), Creuza Maria Oliveira (b. 1957), Eliane Potiguara (b. 1950), Elizabeth Teixeira (b. 1925), Elza Berquó (?), Elzita Santos de Santa Cruz Oliveira (1914–?), Eva Alterman Blay (b. 1937), Fátima Oliveira (b. 1953), Givânia Maria da Silva (?), Heleieth Saffioti (1934–2010), Helena Greco (1916–2011), Heloneida Studart (1932–2007), Mãe Hilda Jitolu (1923–2009), Jacqueline Pitanguy (b. 1946), Joênia Wapixana (b. 1974), Jurema Batista (b. 1957), Lair Guerra de Macedo (b. 1943), Leila Linhares Barsted (b. 1945), Lenira Maria de Carvalho (?), Luci Teresinha Choinacki (b. 1954), Luiza Erundina (b. 1934), Maninha Xukuru (b. 1966), Mara Régia di Perna (b. 1952), Margarida Genevois (b. 1923), Maria Amélia de Almeida Teles (b. 1944), Maria Berenice Dias (b. 1948), Maria José de Oliveira Araújo (b. 1949), Maria José Mota (b. 1944), Maria José Rosado Nunes (b. 1945), Mãe Stella de Oxóssi (1925–2018), Marina Silva (b. 1958), Mayana Zatz (b. 1947), Moema Libera Viezzer (b. 1939), Niède Guidon (b. 1933), Nilza Iraci (b. 1950), Procópia dos Santos Rosa (b. 1933), Raimunda Gomes da Silva (b. 1940), Rose Marie Muraro (1930–2014), Ruth de Souza (1921–2019), Maria Aparecida Schumaher (b. 1952), Silvia Pimentel (b. 1940), Sueli Pereira Pini (b. 1960), Therezinha Zerbini (1928–2015), Vanete Almeida (b. 1943), Zenilda Maria de Araújo (b. 1950), Zilda Arns Neumann (1934–2010) and Zuleika Alambert (1922–2012).[81]
  21. ^ Gaetano Brancati Luigi was born in Italy, but has lived in Brazil since 1949, when he was 12 years old. His family migrated from Europe to South America in search of better living conditions, because of the results of World War II.
  22. ^ F. de Figueiredo's nomination was made while he was residing in Brazil and worked as professor of Portuguese literature at the University of São Paulo.
  23. ^ a b The nomination letter for Baron José Paranhos was signed by Carlos Peixoto de Mello and J. de Medeinos, both members of the Brazilian parliament. The Nobel nomination archives only enlisted Peixoto's name as the nominator.
  24. ^ Guanabara's nomination of É. da Gama Coelho was written in telegram.
  25. ^ a b A. de Melo Franco's nomination was signed by E. da Luz Pinto and P. Azevedo whose right to nominate was uncertain. It was Brazilian ambassador to Oslo who submitted the nomination.
  26. ^ a b E. L. Viana and V. Leal nominated together Josué de Castro but E. L. Viana was the only one cited as nominator by the Nobel nomination archives.

References[edit]

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  56. ^ José Romildo (1 September 2017). "Nobel nominee Carlos Nejar honored in Brasília". Agência Brasil. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  57. ^ "Filiado ao Sindilegis, Emanuel Medeiros é indicado ao Prêmio Nobel de Literatura". Sindilegis (in Portuguese). 7 May 2018. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
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  60. ^ Nomination archive – Sebastião Magalhães Lima Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  61. ^ Nomination archive – Baron José Maria da Silva Rio Branco (Paranhos Jr) Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  62. ^ Nomination archive – Erico M. Gama Coelho Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  63. ^ Nomination archive – Teixeira Mendes Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  64. ^ Nomination archive – Instituto historico-geografico Brasileiro Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  65. ^ Nomination archive – Afranio de Mello Franco Archived 2023-02-17 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  66. ^ Nomination archive – Oswaldo Euclides de Sousa Aranha Archived 2022-05-31 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  67. ^ Nomination archive – Henrique P. Vasconcellos Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  68. ^ a b c d e f Nomination archive – Josué de Castro Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
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  70. ^ Nomination archive – Raul Fernandes Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  71. ^ a b c d e f g Nomination archive – Candido Mariano de Silva Rondon Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  72. ^ Nomination archive – Hélder Câmara Archived 2022-11-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  73. ^ Nomination archive – Claudio Villas Bôas Archived 2022-11-11 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  74. ^ Nomination archive – Orlando Villas Bôas Archived 2022-11-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  75. ^ "Indicação ao Prêmio Nobel da Paz". ipeafro.org (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
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  86. ^ "Idealizador do Marco da Paz, Gaetano Brancati Luigi poderá concorrer ao Prêmio Nobel". jornalspnorte.com.br (in Portuguese). 20 February 2015. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
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  88. ^ "Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva – Truth Will Prevail". orbooks.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
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  90. ^ "Millions of children did not starve due to Lula, says Nobel Prize". comitelulalivre.com. 25 October 2019. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  91. ^ Guilherme Ramalho and Stefano Salles (27 September 2017). "Empresário de Niterói indicado ao Nobel da Paz é um 'otimista compulsivo'". globo.com (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  92. ^ "Sr. Gentileza: Conheça a história do brasileiro indicado 2 vezes ao Prêmio Nobel da Paz". mochileiropelaeducacao.com (in Portuguese). 5 November 2020. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
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  96. ^ "Prof. e ministro Paulo Dias de Moura Ribeiro é indicado ao Nobel da Paz". Portal de Notícias (in Portuguese). 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  97. ^ "Paolinelli for Nobel Peace Prize". redepaolinelli.com.br. 16 February 2021. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  98. ^ "Former Brazilian Agriculture Minister nominated to this year Peace Nobel Prize". brazilianfarmers.com. 2 July 2021. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  99. ^ "Pronunciamento do Deputado Eduardo Campos ao CELSO FURTADO – PRÊMIO NOBEL DE ECONOMIA". camara.leg.br (in Portuguese). 1 December 2003. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  100. ^ "Celso Furtado: an economist in the service of public management (1943-1964)". SciELO. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  101. ^ Nomination archive – Nominators from Brazil Archived 2023-09-21 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  102. ^ Nomination archive – Carlos Chagas Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  103. ^ Nomination archive – Braut P Lewe Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  104. ^ Nomination archive – Pirajá da Silva Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  105. ^ Nomination archive – H de Gouvêa Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  106. ^ Nomination archive – C S de Magalhaes Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  107. ^ Nomination archive – J A Pupo Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  108. ^ Nomination archive – Martin Ficker Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  109. ^ Nomination archive – Octavio Magalhaes Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  110. ^ Nomination archive – Flaminio Favero Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  111. ^ Nomination archive – F A de Moura Campos Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  112. ^ Nomination archive – Luciano Gualberto Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  113. ^ a b Nomination archive – R Locchi Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  114. ^ archive – L da Cunha Motta Archived 2023-04-18 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  115. ^ a b Nomination archive – Antonio de Almeida Prado Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  116. ^ Nomination archive – Henrique Roxo Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  117. ^ Nomination archive – Alfredo Monteiro Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  118. ^ Nomination archives – Arnaldo de Moraes Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  119. ^ Nomination archive – Ugo P Guimaraes Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  120. ^ a b Nomination archive – Agenor Porto Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  121. ^ Nomination archive – Ernesto de Souza Campos Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  122. ^ Nomination archive – Jayme R Pereira Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  123. ^ Nomination archive – Raul Briquet Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  124. ^ Nomination archive – Francisco R d´Ovidio Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  125. ^ Nomination archive – Paulo Tibiriçá Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  126. ^ Nomination archive – Paulo M Moreira Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  127. ^ Nomination archive – L Guerra Blessmann Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  128. ^ Nomination archive – A number of members of the Academy of Rio de Janeiro Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  129. ^ Nomination archive – 20 members of the Brasilian Academy Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  130. ^ Nomination archive – Members of the Brasilian Academy Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  131. ^ Nomination archive – Academia Brasileira Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  132. ^ Nomination archive – Paul V Shaw Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  133. ^ Nomination archive – Francisco Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  134. ^ Nomination archive – Afonso Costa Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  135. ^ Nomination archive – Fidelino de Figueiredo Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  136. ^ Nomination archive – Paulo de Medeyros Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  137. ^ Nomination archive – The Brazilian PEN-Club Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  138. ^ Nomination archive – Academia Santista de Letras Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  139. ^ Nomination archive – Joao de Freitas Guimaraes Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  140. ^ Nomination archive – Minas Academy of Letters (Academia Mineira de Letras) Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  141. ^ Nomination archive – Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  142. ^ Nomination archive – Brazilian Writers Association Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  143. ^ Nomination archive – Antônio Olinto Marques da Rocha Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  144. ^ Nomination archive – Joracy Schafflor Camargo Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  145. ^ Nomination archive – Marcos Almir Madeira Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  146. ^ a b Nomination archive – Carlos Peixoto de Mello Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  147. ^ Nomination archive – Algindo Guanabara Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  148. ^ Nomination archive – Joaquin Luis Osorio Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  149. ^ Nomination archive – A Bevilaqua Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  150. ^ Nomination archive – Members of the Brazilian parliament Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  151. ^ Nomination archive – Edm. da Luz Pinto Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  152. ^ Nomination archive – Mario de Pimentel Brandao Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  153. ^ a b Nomination archive – Philadelpho Azevedo Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  154. ^ Nomination archive – Americano Jorge Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  155. ^ Nomination archive – 40 members of the Brazilian Senate Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  156. ^ Nomination archive – 83 members of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  157. ^ Nomination archive – Hans Jordan Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  158. ^ Nomination archive – Paulo Ramos Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  159. ^ a b Nomination archive – E.L. Viana Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  160. ^ Nomination archive – Sousa Arruda Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  161. ^ Nomination archive – Haraldo Valladáo Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  162. ^ Nomination archive – Haraldo Valladas Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  163. ^ Nomination archive – Alvaro de Souza Lima Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  164. ^ Nomination archive – Nerev Ramos Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  165. ^ Nomination archive – Mario Faria Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nbelprize.org
  166. ^ Nomination archive – Raul Bittencourt Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  167. ^ Nomination archive – Carlos Domingues Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  168. ^ a b Nomination archive – Pedro Calmon Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  169. ^ Nomination archive – Carlos A Dunschee de Abranches Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  170. ^ Nomination archive – Moacyr de Oliveira Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  171. ^ Nomination archive – Jarbas Gonçalves Passarinho Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  172. ^ "Brazil Senator backs Snowden for Nobel Peace Prize". Andalou Agency. 5 February 2014. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  173. ^ "Brazil senator proposes Snowden for Nobel peace award". The Straits Times. 5 February 2014. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  174. ^ Arkady Petrov (15 September 2019). "Darcy Ribeiro Foundation Proposes Chief Raoni as 2020 Nobel Peace Prize Recipient". The Rio Times. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
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