List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics

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Chien-Shiung Wu, the first woman from Asia to be nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics

The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists who have made outstanding contributions in Physics.[1] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes which were established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895.[2]

Every year, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences sends out forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are strictly sealed for fifty years. As of 2022, the nominations for the years 1901 to 1970 are publicly available. Despite the annual sending of invitations, the prize was not awarded in six years (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940–1942) and have been delayed for a year nine times (1914, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1924, 1925, 1928, 1932, 1943).

From 1901 to 1970, 578 scientists were nominated for the prize, 92 of which were awarded either jointly or individually. 31 more scientists from these nominees were awarded after 1970 and John Bardeen was awarded a second time on 1972. Of the 11 women nominees, only two were awarded the prize. The first woman to be nominated was Marie Curie in 1902 by German scientist Emil Warburg and French mathematician Gaston Darboux, and she won the prize the next year. She is the only woman to win a Nobel Prize twice: Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911).[3] Besides 23 and 3 scientists from these nominees won the prizes in Chemistry (including two more women) and in Physiology or Medicine correspondingly (including years after 1970). Only one informal corporation and one organization have been nominated: the Nuclear scientists (1946 and 1947) and CERN (1970).

Despite the long list of nominated noteworthy physicists, astronomers, engineers, and chemists, there have been other famed scientists who were overlooked for the prize in physics, such as physicists G.Fr.FitzGerald, G.Stokes, J.W.Gibbs, P.Drude, H.Minkowski, W.Ritz, G.J.Stoney, Osb.Reynolds, Fr.C.Alw.Pockels, V.Schumann, N.Umov, Ernst Pringsheim Sr., M.Smoluchowski, W.Voigt, M.Abraham, Al.Friedmann, G.Wulff, Ant. van den Broek, F.Kurlbaum, G.Sagnac, Em.Wiechert, R.Pictet, P.Ehrenfest, P.Knipping, L.Shubnikov, M.P.Bronstein, Ett.Majorana, Edw.Hall, S.P.Schubin, D.S.Roschdestwenski, Ol.Lodge, J.Larmor, J.Ishiwara, N.Dm.Papaleksi, R.Ch.Tolman, A.H.Pfund, W. W. Hansen, H.Nagaoka, Y.Nishina, Ya.Frenkel, Th.Kaluza, J.Lennard-Jones, H.Weyl, Al.Proca, J. von Neumann, G.Mie, D.Hartree, Ad.Smekal, P. Pringsheim, H. von Halban, Fr.Houtermans, B.Podolsky, A.I.Alikhanov and Ern.Marsden; astronomers and astrophysicists: Ot.W.v.Struve and his grandson Otto Struve, P.J.C.Janssen, B. Paczyński, Ch.Aug.Young, S.Newcomb, G.V.Schiaparelli, K.Schwarzschild, P.Lowell, W.de Sitter, brothers Edw.Ch. and W.H.Pickering, R.H.Fowler, G.W.Ritchey, J.Jeans, Gr.Shajn, Otto Schmidt, G.Adr.Tikhov, C.K.Seyfert and Dm.Dm.Maksutov; inventors and engineers: Al.St.Popov, B.Rosing, G.B.Pegram, Ig.Kurchatov and S.Korolev.

Nominees by their first nomination[edit]

1901–1909[edit]

Picture Name Born Died Years Nominated Notes
1901
Wilhelm Röntgen March 27, 1845
Lennep, German Confederation
February 10, 1923
Munich, Germany
1901 Won the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physics[a]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[b][4]
Henri Becquerel December 15, 1852
Paris, France
August 25, 1908
Le Croisic, France
1901, 1902, 1903 Shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics[c] with P. and M.Curie[5]
Philipp Lenard June 7, 1862
Preßburg, now Slovakia
May 20, 1947
Messelhausen, Germany
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905,
1924, 1925
Won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physics[d][6]
Gabriel Lippmann August 16, 1845
Bonnevoie, German Confederation
July 13, 1921
SS France, Atlantic Ocean
1901, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908 Won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physics[e][7]
Guglielmo Marconi April 25, 1874
Bologna, Kingdom of Italy
July 20, 1937
Rome, Kingdom of Italy
1901, 1902, 1903, 1908, 1909,
1929, 1933
Shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with K.F.Braun[f][8]
Johannes Diderik van der Waals November 23, 1837
Leiden, Netherlands
March 8, 1923
Amsterdam, Netherlands
1901, 1907, 1909, 1910 Won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics[g][9]
Svante Arrhenius February 19, 1859
Vik Castle, Sweden
October 2, 1927
Stockholm, Sweden
1901, 1902, 1903 Won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[h][10]
William Wallace Campbell April 11, 1862
Hancock County, Ohio, United States
June 14, 1938
San Francisco, United States
1901 [11]
Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld November 18, 1832
Helsingfors, Grand Duchy of Finland
August 12, 1901
Dalbyö, Sweden
1901 Nominated the only time by El. Sidenbladh [sv].
Died before the only chance to be rewarded[12]
Henry Augustus Rowland[i] November 27, 1848
Honesdale, Pennsylvania, United States
April 16, 1901
Baltimore, United States
1901 H.Aug.Rowland died before the only chance to be rewarded

Self-nominations


Robert Henry Thurston[i] October 25, 1839
Providence, Rhode Island, United States
October 25, 1903
Ithaca, New York, United States
William Thomson,
1st Baron Kelvin
June 26, 1824
Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
December 17, 1907
Largs, United Kingdom
1901, 1902, 1903, 1906, 1907 [13]
Pieter Zeeman May 25, 1865
Zonnemaire, Netherlands
October 9, 1943
Amsterdam, Netherlands
1901, 1902 [14]


Shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics[j]


[15]
1902
Hendrik Lorentz July 18, 1853
Arnhem, Netherlands
February 4, 1928
Haarlem, Netherlands
1902,


1912, 1913, 1918, 1919, 1923[i]
Pierre Curie May 15, 1859
Paris, France
April 19, 1906
Paris, France
1902, 1903 [16]


Shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics[k] with H.Becquerel


M.Curie won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry too[17]
Marie Curie November 7, 1867
Warsaw, Congress of Poland
July 4, 1934
Passy, Haute-Savoie, France
John William Strutt,
3rd Baron Rayleigh
November 12, 1842
Langford Grove, Maldon, United Kingdom
June 30, 1919
Terling Place, Witham, England
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905[i] Won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physics[l][18]
J. J. Thomson December 18, 1856
Cheetham, United Kingdom
August 30, 1940
Cambridge, England
1902, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907[i],
1912
Won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics[m][19]
Charles Édouard Guillaume February 15, 1861
Fleurier, Switzerland
May 13, 1938
Sèvres, France
1902, 1903, 1904, 1908, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1920 Won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics[n][20]
Pierre Chappuis [de] Oktober 9, 1855
Bremblens, Switzerland
February 15, 1916
Basel, Switzerland
1902, 1903, 1904 Nominated jointly with Ch.Éd.Guillaume and J.-M.-R.Benoît only by P.Kr.Prytz.[21]
Justin-Mirande René Benoit[22] November 28, 1844
Montpellier, France
May 4, 1922
Dijon, France
1902, 1903, 1904, 1908, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1916 [23]
John Kerr December 17, 1824
Ardrossan, United Kingdom
August 15, 1907
Glasgow, Scotland
1902, 1903 [24]
Johann Wilhelm Hittorf March 27, 1824
Bonn, German Confederation
November 28, 1914
Münster, German Empire
1902, 1903, 1904 [25]
1903
Gustave Le Bon May 7, 1841
Nogent-le-Rotrou, France
December 13, 1931
Marnes-la-Coquette, France
1903 Nominated the only time by Belgian physicist Pierre De Heen (1851–1915).[26]
Ludwig Boltzmann February 20, 1844
Vienna, Austria
September 5, 1906
Tybein, Austria-Hungary
1903, 1905, 1906 [27]
1904
Albert A. Michelson December 19, 1852
Strzelno, Congress of Poland
May 9, 1931
Pasadena, California, United States
1904, 1907 Won the 1907 Nobel Prize in Physics[o][28]
William Ramsay October 2, 1852
Glasgow, United Kingdom
July 23, 1916
High Wycombe, United Kingdom
1904, 1905[i] Won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[29]
Walter Kaufmann June 5, 1871
Elberfeld, German Empire
January 1, 1947
Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
1904 Nominated jointly with J. J. Thomson, J.Dewar and K.Olszewski the only time by N.Umov.[30]
Ernst Abbe January 23, 1840
Eisenach, German Confederation
January 14, 1905
Jena, German Empire
1904, 1905 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[p][31][32]
Édouard Branly November 23, 1844
Amiens, France
March 24, 1940
Paris, France
1904, 1909 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[33]
Friedrich Kohlrausch October 14, 1840
Rinteln, German Confederation
January 17, 1910
Marburg, German Empire
1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909 [34]
Julius Elster December 24, 1854
Blankenburg (Harz), German Confederation
April 6, 1920
Bad Harzburg, Germany
1904, 1905, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911 [35]


Only nominated jointly


[36]
Hans Friedrich Geitel July 16, 1855
Braunschweig, German Confederation
August 15, 1923
Wolfenbüttel, Germany
1904, 1905, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911
Henri Poincaré April 29, 1854
Nancy, France
July 17, 1912
Paris, France
1904, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912 [37]
James Dewar September 20, 1842
Kincardine, Fife, United Kingdom
March 27, 1923
London, United Kingdom
1904, 1905, 1912, 1913 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[38]
Karol Olszewski January 29, 1846
Broniszów, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, now Poland
March 24, 1915
Kraków, now Poland
1904, 1913 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[39]
Oliver Heaviside May 18, 1850
Camden Town, United Kingdom
February 3, 1925
Torquay, England
1904, 1905, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1914 Nominated by V.Bjerknes only.[40]
Arthur Schuster September 12, 1851
Frankfurt am Main, German Confederation
October 14, 1934
Yeldall Manor, Berkshire, United Kingdom
1904, 1914, 1917, 1925 [41]
1905
Karl Ferdinand Braun June 6, 1850
Fulda, German Confederation
April 20, 1918
Brooklyn, New York, United States
1905, 1906, 1907, 1909 Shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with G.Marconi[f][42]
Prosper-René Blondlot July 3, 1849
Nancy, France
November 24, 1930
Nancy, France
1905 Nominated the only time by Ch.J.Bouchard.[43]
Pyotr Lebedev February 24, 1866
Moscow, Russian Empire
March 1, 1912
Moscow, Russian Empire
1905, 1912 [44]
Heinrich Kayser March 16, 1853
Bingen am Rhein, German Confederation
October 14, 1940
Bonn, Germany
1905, 1916, 1917 [45]
Augusto Righi August 27, 1850
Bologna, Papal States
June 8, 1920
Bologna, Kingdom of Italy
1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920 [46]
1906
Julius von Hann March 23, 1839
Wartberg ob der Aist, Austria
October 1, 1921
Vienna, Austria
1906, 1911, 1913 [47]
1907
Wilhelm Wien January 13, 1864
Gaffken near Fischhausen, German Confederation
August 30, 1928
Munich, Germany
1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911,
1926, 1927, 1929
Won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physics[q][48]
Max Planck April 23, 1858
Kiel, German Confederation
October 4, 1947
Göttingen, Germany
1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920[i] Won the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1919[r][49]
Ernest Rutherford August 30, 1871
Brightwater, British Empire
October 19, 1937
Cambridge, United Kingdom
1907, 1908, 1909[i],
1922, 1923, 1924, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1937
Won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[50]
Ernst Bessel Hagen January 31, 1851
Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia
January 15, 1923
Munich, Germany
1907 Nominated jointly with H.Rubens the only time by G.H.Quincke.[51]
Heinrich Rubens March 30, 1865
Wiesbaden, German Confederation
July 17, 1922
Berlin, Germany
1907, 1909 [52]
Pierre Duhem June 9, 1861
Paris, France
September 14, 1916
Cabrespine, France
1907, 1916 [53]
William Crookes June 17, 1832
London, United Kingdom
April 4, 1919
London, England
1907, 1910, 1911, 1914, 1918 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[54]
1908
Gustaf de Laval May 9, 1845
Orsa Municipality, Sweden
February 2, 1913
Stockholm, Sweden
1908 Nominated the only time by Sven Otto Pettersson [sv] and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[55]
Joseph Norman Lockyer[i] May 17, 1836
Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom
August 16, 1920
Salcombe Regis, England
1908, 1909
Émile Amagat January 2, 1841
Saint-Satur, France
February 15, 1915
Saint-Satur, France
1908, 1913, 1914 [56]
1909
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes September 21, 1853
Groningen, Netherlands
February 21, 1926
Leiden, Netherlands
1909, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1914[i] Won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics[s]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[57]
Henri Farman May 26, 1874
Paris, France
July 17, 1958
Paris, France
1909 [58]


Nominated jointly with brothers Wright only


[59]
Gabriel Voisin February 5, 1880
Belleville, France
December 25, 1973
Ozenay, France
Orville Wright August 19, 1871
Dayton, United States
January 30, 1948
Dayton, United States
1909, 1913 [60]


Only nominated jointly


[61]
Wilbur Wright April 16, 1867
Millville, United States
May 30, 1912
Dayton, United States
John Henry Poynting September 9, 1852
Monton, United Kingdom
March 30, 1914
Birmingham, England
1909, 1911, 1912 [62]
Valdemar Poulsen November 23, 1869
Copenhagen, Denmark
July 23, 1942
Gentofte, Denmark
1909, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923 [63]
George Ellery Hale June 29, 1868
Chicago, United States
February 21, 1938
Pasadena, United States
1909, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1934 [64]

1910–1919[edit]

Picture Name Born Died Years Nominated Notes
1910
Albert Einstein March 14, 1879
Ulm, German Empire
April 18, 1955
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
1910, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923 Won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922[t][65]
Allvar Gullstrand June 5, 1862
Landskrona, Sweden
July 28, 1930
Stockholm, Sweden
1910, 1911, 1912 Won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[66]
Knut Ångström January 12, 1857
Uppsala parish [sv], Sweden
March 4, 1910
Uppsala parish, Sweden
1910 Nominated the only time by W.Röntgen.[67]
Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
Otto Lummer July 17, 1860
Gera, German Confederation
July 5, 1925
Breslau, now Poland
1910, 1911 Nominated jointly with W.Wien and M.Planck by Em.Warburg only.[68]
Henri Abraham July 12, 1868
Paris, France
December 22, 1943
Oświęcim, now Poland
1910, 1916 [69]
Paul Langevin January 23, 1872
Paris, France
December 19, 1946
Paris, France
1910, 1916, 1921, 1922, 1925, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932[i], 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1946 [70]
1911
Walther Nernst June 25, 1864
Briesen, now Poland
November 18, 1941
Zibelle, now Poland
1911, 1912, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1921 Won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921.[71]
Ernst Mach February 18, 1838
Brünn, now Czechia
February 19, 1916
Munich, German Empire
1911, 1912, 1914 [72]
Loránd Eötvös July 27, 1848
Buda, Hungary
April 8, 1919
Budapest, Hungary
1911, 1914, 1917, 1923[i] [73]
Eugen Goldstein September 5, 1850
Gleiwitz, now Poland
December 25, 1930
Berlin, Germany
1911, 1913, 1926 [74]
Charles Fabry June 11, 1867
Marseille, France
December 11, 1945
Paris, France
1911, 1914, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1922, 1925, 1928[i], 1932 [75]
1912
Gustaf Dalén November 30, 1869
Stenstorp, Sweden
December 9, 1937
Lidingö, Sweden
1912 Won the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physics[u][76]
Robert Hadfield November 28, 1858
Sheffield, United Kingdom
September 30, 1940
Surrey, England
1912, 1913 [77]
1913
Jean Baptiste Perrin September 30, 1870
Lille, France
April 17, 1942
New York City, United States
1913, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926 Won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics[v]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[78]
Theodor Svedberg August 30, 1884
Fleräng, Sweden
February 25, 1971
Kopparberg, Sweden
1913, 1919 Won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[79]
Hermann Frahm [de] December 8, 1867
Büdelsdorf, North German Confederation
December 28, 1939
Remscheid, Germany
1913 Nominated the only time by Sv.Arrhenius.[80]
Adolf Slaby April 18, 1849
Berlin, German Confederation
April 6, 1913
Charlottenburg, German Empire
1913 Nominated the only time by Pehr af Bjerkén [sv].[81]
Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
Ferdinand von Zeppelin July 8, 1838
Konstanz, German Confederation
March 8, 1917
Berlin, German Empire
1913 Nominated jointly with brothers Wrights the only time by V.Czerny.[82]
Henry Frederic William Burstall[i] September 3, 1865
Old Machar, Aberdeenshire, United Kingdom
July 15, 1934
Hopwood, Worcestershire, United Kingdom
1913 Self-nomination
Hugh Longbourne Callendar April 18, 1863
Hatherop, United Kingdom
January 21, 1930
Ealing, England
1913, 1918, 1921 [83]
Otto Lehmann January 13, 1855
Konstanz, German Confederation
June 17, 1922
Karlsruhe, Germany
1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922 Nominated by C.Benedicks only.[84]
Henri-Alexandre Deslandres July 24, 1853
Paris, France
January 15, 1948
Paris, France
1913, 1915, 1916, 1923 [85]
Carl von Linde June 11, 1842
Berndorf, German Confederation
November 16, 1934
Munich, Germany
1913, 1918, 1926 [86]
1914
Johannes Stark April 15, 1874
Schickenhof, German Empire
June 21, 1957
Traunstein, Germany
1914, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919 Won the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physics[w][87]
Henry Louis Le Chatelier October 8, 1850
Paris, France
September 17, 1936
Miribel-les-Échelles, France
1914 Nominated jointly with W.Nernst the only time by Sven Otto Pettersson [sv] and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[88]
Nobel Prize in Physics has not been awarded this year.
Louis Georges Gouy February 19, 1854
Vals-les-Bains, France
January 27, 1926
Vals-les-Bains, France
1914, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1922 [89]
Friedrich Paschen January 22, 1865
Schwerin, German Confederation
February 25, 1947
Potsdam, Germany
1914, 1915, 1918, 1919, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933 [90]
Martin Knudsen February 15, 1871
Hasmark [da], Denmark
May 27, 1949
Gentofte, Denmark
1914, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1937 [91]
Robert W. Wood May 2, 1868
Concord, Massachusetts, United States
August 11, 1955
Amityville, New York, United States
1914, 1915, 1920, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1937, 1942, 1950 [92]
Max von Laue October 9, 1879
Pfaffendorf, German Empire
April 24, 1960
West Berlin, Germany
1914, 1915 Won the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915[x][93]
William Henry Bragg July 2, 1862
Wigton, United Kingdom
March 12, 1942
London, England
1914, 1915 W.H.Bragg nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too[94]

Shared the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics[y]

.[95]
1915
Lawrence Bragg March 31, 1890
Adelaide, Australia
July 1, 1971
Waldringfield, United Kingdom
1915
Charles Galton Darwin December 18, 1887
Cambridge, United Kingdom
December 31, 1962
Cambridge, England
1915 [96]

Nominated jointly with W.H.Bragg the only time by Sv.Arrhenius and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.

Moseley has been killed before the only chance to be rewarded.[97]
Henry Moseley November 23, 1887
Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
August 10, 1915
Gallipoli campaign, Turkey
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson February 14, 1869
Glencorse, United Kingdom
November 15, 1959
Carlops, Scotland
1915, 1918, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927 Shared the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics[z] with A.Compton[98]
Thomas Edison February 11, 1847
Milan, Ohio, United States
October 18, 1931
West Orange, New Jersey, United States
1915 Nominated the only time by H.F.Osborn.[99]
Giacomo Casalis 1869
Italy
after 1931 1915 [100]

Nominated jointly[101] the only time by T.Boggio

[102]
Nicola Pavia[103] 1872
Torino, Kingdom of Italy
February 22, 1937
Torino, Kingdom of Italy
Kristian Birkeland December 13, 1867
Christiania, Norway
June 15, 1917
Tokyo, Japan
1915, 1916, 1917 Nominated jointly with C.Størmer only and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[104]
Carl Størmer September 3, 1874
Skien, Norway
August 13, 1957
Oslo, Norway
1915, 1916, 1917, 1925, 1927, 1934 [105]
Aimé Cotton October 9, 1869
Bourg-en-Bresse, France
April 16, 1951
Sèvres, France
1915, 1916, 1920, 1922, 1925, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1944, 1949 [106]
1916
Henri Mouton September 5, 1869
Cambrai, France
June 13, 1935
Bezons, France
1916 Nominated jointly with A.Cotton, L.G.Gouy, P.Duhem and Ch.Fabry the only time by M.Brillouin.[107]
Nobel Prize in Physics has not been awarded this year.
Robert Andrews Millikan March 22, 1868
Morrison, Illinois, United States
December 19, 1953
San Marino, California, United States
1916, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924[i],
1926
Won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physics[aa][108]
Irving Langmuir January 31, 1881
Brooklyn, New York City, United States
August 16, 1957
Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States
1916, 1928, 1929, 1933,
1940
Won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[109]
Peter Debye March 24, 1884
Maastricht, Netherlands
November 2, 1966
Ithaca, New York, United States
1916, 1917, 1921, 1922, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1936,
1939
Won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[110]
Carl Runge August 30, 1856
Bremen, German Confederation
January 3, 1927
Göttingen, Germany
1916, 1917 Nominated jointly with H.Kayser only.[111]
Nobel Prize in Physics has not been awarded these years.
Alexandre Dufour [fr] May 8, 1875
Paris, France
June 19, 1942
Paris, France
1916 Nominated jointly with H.Abraham and G.-A.Ferrié the only time by M.Brillouin.[112]
Nobel Prize in Physics has not been awarded this year.
Gustave-Auguste Ferrié November 19, 1868
Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne, France
February 16, 1932
Paris, France
1916, 1930, 1931 [113]
Peder Oluf Pedersen June 19, 1874
Sig, Denmark
August 30, 1941
Copenhagen, Denmark
1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923 Nominated jointly with V.Poulsen only.[114]
Pierre Weiss March 25, 1865
Mulhouse, France
October 24, 1940
Lyon, France
1916, 1921, 1922, 1924, 1925, 1927[i], 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937 [115]
1917
Niels Bohr October 7, 1885
Copenhagen, Denmark
November 18, 1962
Copenhagen, Denmark
1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923[i] Won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics[ab]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too[116]
Johannes Rydberg November 8, 1854
Halmstad, Sweden
December 28, 1919
Lund, Sweden
1917, 1920[i] [117]
Arnold Sommerfeld December 5, 1868
Königsberg, North German Confederation
April 26, 1951
Munich, Germany
1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951 [118]
1918
Charles Glover Barkla June 7, 1877
Widnes, United Kingdom
October 23, 1944
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
1918, 1919[i] Won the 1917 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918[ac][119]
Alfred Perot November 3, 1863
Metz, France
November 28, 1925
Paris, France
1918 Nominated jointly with R.A.Millikan, H.L.Callendar and Th.Lyman IV the only time by H.Crew.[120]
Fernando Sanford February 12, 1854
Franklin Grove, Illinois, United States
May 21, 1948
Santa Clara, California, United States
1918, 1919, 1920 Nominated by D.St.Jordan only.[121]
Theodore Lyman IV November 23, 1874
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
October 11, 1954
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
1918, 1926 Nominated jointly with R.A.Millikan only.[122]
1919
Percy Williams Bridgman April 21, 1882
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
August 20, 1961
Randolph, New Hampshire, United States
1919, 1924, 1928, 1929, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1946 Won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics[ad]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[123]

1920–1930[edit]

Picture Name Born Died Years Nominated Notes
1920
Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald September 2, 1853
Riga, Russian Empire
April 4, 1932
Großbothen, Germany
1920, 1921, 1923, 1924 Won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[124]
and self-nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics[i]
Walter Sydney Adams December 20, 1876
Antakya, Turkey
May 11, 1956
Pasadena, California, United States
1920 Nominated the only time by Alfred Fowler.[125]
Carl Barus February 19, 1856
Cincinnati, United States
September 20, 1935
Providence, Rhode Island, United States
1920, 1921 [126]
Louis Lumière October 5, 1864
Besançon, France
June 6, 1948
Bandol, France
1920, 1921, 1922, 1924, 1927 Nominated jointly with A.Lumière by H.L.Le Chatelier only.[127]
Auguste Lumière October 19, 1862
Besançon, France
April 10, 1954
Lyon, France
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ae][128][129]
1921
Ernst Gehrcke July 1, 1878
Berlin, German Empire
January 25, 1960
Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
1921, 1923, 1924, 1928 [130]
Abbott Lawrence Rotch[i] January 6, 1861
Boston, United States
April 7, 1912
Boston, United States
1921 Nominated posthumously with V.Fr.K.Bjerknes and W.N.Shaw by Al.G.McAdie the only time
Léon Teisserenc de Bort[i] November 5, 1855
Paris, France
January 2, 1913
Cannes, France
Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft[i] October 30, 1920
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too by Sv.Aug.Arrhenius only
1922
Francis William Aston September 1, 1877
Harborne, United Kingdom
November 20, 1945
Cambridge, England
1922 Won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[131]
Charles Greeley Abbot May 31, 1872
Wilton, New Hampshire, United States
December 17, 1973
Riverdale Park, Maryland, United States
1922 Nominated jointly with Fr.W.Aston, R.A.Millikan, W.D.Coolidge and G.Ell.Hale the only time by Ch.D.Walcott.[132]
Leo Graetz September 26, 1856
Breslau, now Poland
November 12, 1941
Munich, Germany
1922, 1924 Nominated by G. von Mayr [de] only.[133]
William D. Coolidge October 23, 1873
Hudson, Massachusetts, United States
February 3, 1975
Schenectady, New York, United States
1922, 1927, 1935 [134]
1923
Frederick Soddy September 2, 1877
Eastbourne, United Kingdom
September 22, 1956
Brighton, England
1923 Won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1922.[135]
Kazimierz Fajans May 27, 1887
Warsaw, Congress of Poland
May 18, 1975
Michigan, United States
1923 Nominated with Fr.Soddy by Em.G.Warburg
and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too[136]
Wolfgang Gaede May 25, 1878
Bremerhaven, German Empire
June 24, 1945
Munich, Germany
1923, 1924, 1925, 1929, 1935, 1936, 1937 [137]
Vilhelm Bjerknes March 14, 1862
Christiania, Norway
April 9, 1951
Oslo, Norway
1921[i], 1923, 1924, 1926, 1929, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1944, 1945 [138]
James Franck August 26, 1882
Hamburg, German Empire
May 21, 1964
Göttingen, Germany
1923, 1924, 1925, 1926 [139]

Shared the 1925 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1926[af]

[140]
1924
Gustav Ludwig Hertz July 22, 1887
Hamburg, German Empire
October 30, 1975
East Berlin, Germany
1924, 1926
Owen Willans Richardson April 26, 1879
Dewsbury, United Kingdom
February 15, 1959
Alton, Hampshire, England
1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929 Won the 1928 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929[ag][141]
Jules Richard 1862[ah]
France
1924 Nominated the only time by prominent meteorologist and climatologist Alfred Angot [fr].[142]
Nobel Prize in Physics has not been awarded this year.
Napier Shaw March 4, 1854
Birmingham, United Kingdom
March 23, 1945
London, England
1921[i], 1924, 1927 Nominated by Al.G.McAdie only.[143]
John Sealy Townsend June 7, 1868
Galway, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
February 16, 1957
Oxford, United Kingdom
1924, 1942, 1944 [144]
1925
Manne Siegbahn December 3, 1886
Örebro, Sweden
September 26, 1978
Stockholm, Sweden
1923[i], 1925 Won the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1925[ai][145]
Arthur Compton September 10, 1892
Wooster, Ohio, United States
March 15, 1962
Berkeley, California, United States
1925, 1926, 1927, 1928[i] Shared the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics[aj] with Ch.Th.R.Wilson[146]
Louis de Broglie August 15, 1892
Dieppe, France
March 19, 1987
Louveciennes, France
1925, 1926, 1928, 1929,
1950
Won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physics[ak][147]
Otto Stern February 17, 1888
Sohrau, now Poland
August 17, 1969
Berkeley, California, United States
1925, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1945 Won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944[al][148]
Walther Gerlach August 1, 1889
Biebrich, German Empire
August 10, 1979
Munich, Germany
1925, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1944 Nominated jointly with Otto Stern only.[149]
Siegmund Strauss [de] January 4, 1875
Znaim, now Czechia
March 29, 1942
New York City, United States
1925 Nominated the only time by F.Ehrenhaft.[150]
John Ambrose Fleming November 29, 1849
Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
April 18, 1945
Sidmouth, England
1925, 1927, 1928, 1934 [151]
Maurice de Broglie April 27, 1875
Paris, France
July 14, 1960
Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
1925, 1926, 1928, 1930[i], 1939, 1946 [152]
1926
Dayton Miller March 13, 1866
Strongsville, Ohio, United States
February 22, 1941
Cleveland, United States
1926 Nominated the only time by J.Sw.Ames.[153]
Werner Kolhörster December 28, 1887
Schwiebus, Brandenburg, now Poland
August 5, 1946
Munich, Germany
1926, 1935[i] Nominated jointly with E.Goldstein the only time by Ernst Gehrcke.[154]
1927
Viktor Kaplan November 27, 1876
Mürzzuschlag, Austria-Hungary
August 23, 1934
Unterach am Attersee, Austria
1927 Nominated the only time by Fr.Niethammer [de].[155]
Carl Ramsauer February 6, 1879
Osternburg, Oldenburg, German Empire
December 24, 1955
Berlin, Germany
1927, 1931 Nominated by R.W.Pohl only.[156]
1928
Ludwig Prandtl February 4, 1875
Freising, German Empire
August 15, 1953
Göttingen, Germany
1928, 1937 [157]
Jacob Bjerknes November 2, 1897
Stockholm, Sweden
July 7, 1975
Los Angeles, United States
1928, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939 [158]
Tor Bergeron August 15, 1891
Godstone, United Kingdom
June 13, 1977
Uppsala, Sweden
1928, 1937, 1938, 1939 [159]

Nominated jointly with J.Bjerknes only

[160]
Halvor Solberg February 5, 1895
Ringsaker, Norway
January 31, 1974
Oslo, Norway
1928, 1937, 1938, 1939
Werner Heisenberg December 5, 1901
Würzburg, German Empire
February 1, 1976
Munich, Germany
1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933,
1969
Won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933[am][161]
Erwin Schrödinger August 12, 1887
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
January 4, 1961
Vienna, Austria
1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933 [162]

Shared the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics[an]

[163]
1929
Paul Dirac August 8, 1902
Bristol, United Kingdom
October 20, 1984
Tallahassee, Florida, United States
1929, 1933
Clinton Davisson October 22, 1881
Bloomington, Illinois, United States
February 1, 1958
Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937 Shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics with G.P.Thomson[ao][164]
Lester Germer October 10, 1896
Chicago, United States
October 3, 1971
Shawangunk Ridge, United States
1929, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937 Nominated jointly with Cl.Davisson only.[165]
Emil Warburg March 9, 1846
Altona, Hamburg, German Confederation
July 28, 1931
Bayreuth, Germany
1929 Nominated the only time by J.Franck.[166]
Edwin Howard Armstrong December 18, 1890
Chelsea, Manhattan, New York, United States
February 1, 1954
Manhattan, New York City, United States
1929 [167]

Only nominated jointly

[168]
Alexander Meissner September 14, 1883
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
January 3, 1958
West Berlin, Germany
Mihajlo Pupin October 9, 1858
Idvor, now Serbia
March 12, 1935
New York City, United States
1929 [169]
David Hilbert January 23, 1862
Wehlau, now Russia
February 14, 1943
Göttingen, Germany
1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933 [170]
Jean Cabannes August 12, 1885
Marseille, France
October 31, 1959
Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer, France
1929, 1931, 1943, 1953 [171]
C. V. Raman November 7, 1888
Tiruchirappalli, India
November 21, 1970
Bangalore, India
1929, 1930 Won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics[ap][172]
1930
Grigory Landsberg January 22, 1890
Vologda, Russian Empire
February 2, 1957
Moscow, Russia
1930 Nominated jointly with C. V. Raman and L.Mandelstam the only time by Or.Khvolson.[173]
Leonid Mandelstam May 4, 1879
Mogilev, now Belarus
November 27, 1944
Moscow, Russia
1930 [174]
Max Born December 11, 1882
Breslau, now Poland
January 5, 1970
Göttingen, Germany
1930, 1934, 1939, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954 Shared the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics[aq] with W.W.G.Bothe.[175]
Henry Norris Russell October 25, 1877
Oyster Bay, United States
February 18, 1957
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
1930, 1950, 1953 [176]
Meghnad Saha October 6, 1893
Shaoratoli near Dhaka, now Bangladesh
February 16, 1956
New Delhi, India
1930, 1937, 1939, 1940, 1951, 1955 [177]
Ira Sprague Bowen December 21, 1898
Seneca Falls, New York, United States
February 6, 1973
Hollywood, United States
1930, 1934, 1939, 1950, 1968 [178]

1931–1939[edit]

Picture Name Born Died Years Nominated Notes
1931
Victor Francis Hess June 24, 1883
Schloss Waldstein, Peggau, Austria-Hungary
December 17, 1964
Mount Vernon, New York, United States
1931, 1933, 1935[i], 1936 Shared the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics[ar] with C.D.Anderson.[179]
George Paget Thomson



Wave properties of electrons experimenters[i]
May 3, 1892
Cambridge, United Kingdom
September 10, 1975
Cambridge, England
1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1937 Won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics with Cl.Davisson[ao][180]
1931 They nominated by Ern.G.Merritt the only time

Ch.Alg.Parsons nominated by J.Ern.Petavel the only time
but died before the only chance to be rewarded
.

Nobel Prize in Physics has not been awarded this year.

[181]
Charles Algernon Parsons[i] June 13, 1854
London, United Kingdom
February 11, 1931
Kingston Harbour, Colony of Jamaica, British Empire
Georges Claude September 24, 1870
Paris, France
May 23, 1960
Saint-Cloud, France
1931
1932
Kotaro Honda February 23, 1870
Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
February 12, 1954
Tokyo, Japan
1932 [182]Nobel Prize in Physics has not been awarded this year.
Auguste Piccard January 28, 1884
Basel, Switzerland
March 24, 1962
Lausanne, Switzerland
1932, 1933 [183]
Arthur Eddington December 28, 1882
Kendal, United Kingdom
November 22, 1944
Cambridge, England
1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1944 [184]
1933
Wolfgang Pauli April 25, 1900
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
December 15, 1958
Zürich, Switzerland
1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946 Won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physics[as][185]
René-Paul-Eugène Thiry[186] June 26, 1886
Langres, France
October 5, 1968
Mar Vivo, La Seyne-sur-Mer, France
1933 Nominated the only time by O.Colard from Belgium.[187]
1934
Carl David Anderson September 3, 1905
New York City, United States
January 11, 1991
San Marino, California, United States
1934, 1935, 1936,
1941, 1942, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953
Shared the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics[at] with the V.Fr.Hess.[188]
Walther Bothe January 8, 1891
Oranienburg, German Empire
February 8, 1957
Heidelberg, Germany
1934, 1935[i], 1936[i], 1946, 1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954 Shared the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics[au] with M.Born[189]
James Chadwick October 20, 1891
Bollington, United Kingdom
July 24, 1974
Cambridge, England
1934, 1935, 1936[i],
1939
Won the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics[av][190]
Frédéric Joliot-Curie March 19, 1900
Paris, France
August 14, 1958
Paris, France
1934, 1935, 1936[i] [191]

Shared the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

[192]
Irène Joliot-Curie September 12, 1897
Paris, France
March 17, 1956
Paris, France
Harold Urey April 29, 1893
Walkerton, Indiana, United States
January 5, 1981
La Jolla, California, United States
1934 Won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[193]
Ferdinand Graft Brickwedde March 26, 1903
Baltimore, United States
March 29, 1989
Linwood, New Jersey, United States
[194]

Nominated jointly with H.Urey the only time by Fr.Horton

[195]
Nobel Prize in Physics has not been awarded this year.
George Moseley Murphy[196] June 1, 1903
Wilmington, North Carolina, United States
December 7, 1968
New York City, United States
Gustav Waldemar Elmen December 22, 1876
Stockholm, Sweden
December 10, 1957
Englewood, New Jersey, United States
1934 Nominated the only time by H.F.Osborn.[197]
Nobel Prize in Physics has not been awarded this year.
Lars Vegard February 3, 1880
Vegårshei, Norway
December 21, 1963
Oslo, Norway
1934 Nominated jointly with C.Størmer the only time by Alfred Kalähne [de].[198]
Nobel Prize in Physics has not been awarded this year.
Giancarlo Vallauri [it] October 19, 1882
Rome, Kingdom of Italy
May 7, 1957
Turin, Italy
1934, 1935, 1941 [199]
1935
Enrico Fermi September 29, 1901
Rome, Kingdom of Italy
November 28, 1954
Chicago, United States
1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939,
1947, 1948
Won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics[aw]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[200]
Edward Victor Appleton September 6, 1892
Bradford, United Kingdom
April 21, 1965
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
1935, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1947 Won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physics[ax][201]
Arthur E. Kennelly December 17, 1861
Colaba, now India
June 18, 1939
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
1935 Nominated jointly with Edw.V.Appleton only.[202]
Alexander Gurwitsch September 26, 1874
Poltava, now Ukraine
July 27, 1954
Moscow, Russia
1935 Nominated jointly with H.Dingler and F.Ehrenhaft the only time by L.Zehnder and for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ay][203][204]
Hugo Dingler July 7, 1881
Munich, German Empire
June 29, 1954
Munich, Germany
[205]

Nominated jointly with Al.Gurwitsch the only time by L.Zehnder

[206]
Felix Ehrenhaft April 24, 1879
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
March 4, 1952
Vienna, Austria
Abraham Esau June 7, 1884
Tiegenhagen, now Poland
May 12, 1955
Düsseldorf, Germany
1935 Nominated the only time by August Gärtner [de].[207]
John Cunningham McLennan October 14, 1867
Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada
October 9, 1935
Paris, France
1935 Nominated the only time by David Arnold Keys (1890–1977).[208][209]
Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
Fritz Zwicky February 14, 1898
Varna, Bulgaria
February 8, 1974
Pasadena, California, United States
1935 Nominated the only time by H.Bateman.[210]
Max Cosyns[i] May 29, 1906
Schaerbeek, Belgium
March 30, 1998
Brussels, Belgium
1935 Nominated by Fr.-V.-M.Cumont the only time
Wander Johannes de Haas March 2, 1878
Lisse, Netherlands
April 26, 1960
Bilthoven, Netherlands
1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1945 [211]
Hans Geiger September 30, 1882
Neustadt an der Haardt, German Empire
September 24, 1945
Potsdam, Germany
1935, 1937, 1955 [212]
Samuel Goudsmit July 11, 1902
The Hague, Netherlands
December 4, 1978
Reno, Nevada, United States
1935, 1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [213]
1936
Patrick Blackett November 18, 1897
London, United Kingdom
July 13, 1974
London, England
1936, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949 Won the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physics[az][214]
Giuseppe Occhialini December 5, 1907
Fossombrone, Kingdom of Italy
December 30, 1993
Paris, France
1936, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965[ba], 1968[ba], 1969 [215]
Jacob Clay January 18, 1882
Berkhout, Netherlands
December 31, 1955
De Bilt, Netherlands
1936, 1952 [216]
Hans
(Richard (?))
Becker
[i]
December 3, 1887
Hamburg, German Empire (?)
March 16, 1955
Bad Schwalbach, Germany (?)
1936 Nominated by S.J.Barnett the only time
1937
John Cockcroft May 27, 1897
Todmorden, United Kingdom
September 18, 1967
Cambridge, England
1935[i], 1937, 1938, 1939, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1951, 1952 [217]

Shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics[bb]

[218]
Ernest Walton October 6, 1903
Abbeyside, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
June 25, 1995
Belfast, United Kingdom
1935[i], 1937, 1938, 1939, 1945, 1947, 1951
Otto Hahn March 8, 1879
Frankfurt, German Empire
July 28, 1968
Göttingen, Germany
1937, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947 Won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1945.[219]
Lise Meitner November 7, 1878
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
October 27, 1968
Cambridge, United Kingdom
1937, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1967 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[220]
Alfred Lee Loomis November 4, 1887
Manhattan, New York, United States
August 11, 1975
East Hampton (town), New York, United States
1937 Nominated jointly with R.W.Wood only.[221]
Nikola Tesla July 7, 1856
Smiljan, now Croatia
January 7, 1943
New York City, United States
1937 Nominated the only time by F.Ehrenhaft.[222]
Gilles Holst March 20, 1886
Haarlem, Netherlands
October 11, 1968
Waalre, Netherlands
1937, 1944 [223]
Geoffrey Ingram Taylor March 7, 1886
St. John's Wood, United Kingdom
June 27, 1975
Cambridge, England
1937, 1945, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1968, 1969, 1970 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[224][225]
1938
Ernest Lawrence August 8, 1901
Canton, South Dakota, United States
August 27, 1958
Palo Alto, California, United States
1938, 1939, 1940 Won the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics[bc][226]
Erich Regener November 12, 1881
Schleusenau [pl], now Poland
February 27, 1955
Stuttgart, Germany
1938 Nominated the only time by Erw.Schrödinger.[227]
1939
Isidor Isaac Rabi July 29, 1898
Rymanów, now Poland
January 11, 1988
New York City, United States
1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945 Won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physics[bd][228]
Albert W. Hull April 19, 1880
Southington, Connecticut, United States
January 22, 1966
Schenectady, New York, United States
1939 Nominated jointly with P.Debye and P.Scherrer the only time by Harald Perlitz [et].[229]
Paul Scherrer February 3, 1890
St. Gallen, Switzerland
September 25, 1969
Zürich, Switzerland
1939, 1951 [230]

1940–1949[edit]

Picture Name Born Died Years Nominated Notes
1940
Hideki Yukawa January 23, 1907
Tokyo, Japan
September 8, 1981
Kyoto, Japan
1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1950 Won the 1949 Nobel Prize in Physics[be]
and nominated for Nobel Peace Prize too[231]
William Giauque May 12, 1895
Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada
March 28, 1982
Berkeley, California, United States
1940 Won the 1949 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[232]
Jaroslav Heyrovský December 20, 1890
Prague, Czechia
March 27, 1967
Prague, Czechia
1940 Won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bf][233]
Henri Bouasse [fr] November 16, 1866
Paris, France
November 15, 1953
Toulouse, France
1940 [234]

Nominated jointly the only time by R. de Mallemann [fr].
Nobel Prize in Physics has not been awarded this year

[bg]Chamberlain nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize too[235]
Neville Chamberlain March 8, 1869
Edgbaston, United Kingdom
November 9, 1940
Heckfield, England
Willem Hendrik Keesom June 21, 1876,
Texel, Netherlands
March 24, 1956
Leiden, Netherlands
1940, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1955 [236]
1941
Fritz Strassmann February 22, 1902
Boppard, German Empire
April 22, 1980
Mainz, Germany
1941, 1945, 1946 Nominated jointly with Otto Hahn only.[237]
Seth Neddermeyer September 16, 1907
Richmond, Michigan, United States
January 29, 1988
Seattle, Washington, United States
1941, 1942, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952 Nominated jointly with or by C.D.Anderson only.[238]
Pierre Victor Auger May 14, 1899
Paris, France
December 25, 1993
Paris, France
1941, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1953 [239]
1942
George de Hevesy August 1, 1885
Budapest, Austria-Hungary
July 5, 1966
Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
1942 Won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1944
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[240]
1943
Hans Bethe July 2, 1906
Strasbourg, now France
March 6, 2005
Ithaca, New York, United States
1943, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 Won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics[bh][241]
Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo January 10, 1887
Huacllan District, Aija Province, Department of Ancash, Peru
April 20, 1967
Lima, Peru
1943 Nominated the only time by C.Granda from Lima.[242]
Nobel Prize in Physics has not been awarded this year.
George Gamow March 4, 1904
Odesa, now Ukraine
August 19, 1968
Boulder, Colorado, United States
1943, 1946, 1967 [243]
Donald William Kerst November 1, 1911
Galena, Illinois, United States
August 19, 1993
Madison, Wisconsin, United States
1943, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1969 [244]
1944
Frits Zernike July 16, 1888 Amsterdam, Netherlands March 10, 1966 Amersfoort, Netherlands 1944, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics[bi]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[245]
Henk Dorgelo February 9, 1894
Dedemsvaart, Netherlands
March 6, 1961
Eindhoven, Netherlands
1944 [246]

Nominated jointly with G.Holst the only time by G.J.Elias [nl]


[247]



[248]
Willem Christiaan van Geel[249] October 27, 1895
Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands
August 23, 1967
Eindhoven, Netherlands
Frans Michel Penning September 12, 1894
Gorinchem, Netherlands
December 6, 1953
Utrecht, Netherlands
1945
Bernard Lyot February 27, 1897
Paris, France
April 2, 1952
Cairo, Egypt
1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952 [250]
Otto Robert Frisch October 1, 1904
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
September 22, 1979
Cambridge, United Kingdom
1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1967 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[251]
1946
Pyotr Kapitsa July 8, 1894
Kronstadt, Russian Empire
April 8, 1984
Moscow, Russia
1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970 Shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics[bj] with A.A.Penzias and R.W.Wilson[252]
Nuclear Scientists 1946, 1947 [253]
Arthur Jeffrey Dempster August 14, 1886
Toronto, Canada
March 11, 1950
Stuart, Florida, United States
1946, 1948 [254]
Francis Simon July 2, 1893
Berlin, German Empire
October 31, 1956
Oxford, United Kingdom
1946, 1953, 1956 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[255]
J. Robert Oppenheimer April 22, 1904
New York City, United States
February 18, 1967
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
1946, 1951, 1955, 1967 [256]
1947
Edwin McMillan September 18, 1907
Redondo Beach, California, United States
September 7, 1991
El Cerrito, California, United States
1947, 1948, 1951,
1956, 1965
Shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Gl.T.Seaborg.[257]
Vladimir Veksler March 4, 1907
Zhytomyr, now Ukraine
September 22, 1966
Moscow, Russia
1947, 1948, 1951, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1964, 1965 [258]
Camille Gutton August 30, 1872
Nancy, France
August 19, 1963
Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche, France
1947 Nominated the only time by L. de Broglie.[259]
Robert Serber March 14, 1909
Philadelphia, United States
June 1, 1997
New York City, United States
1947 Nominated jointly with D.W.Kerst by Cz.Białobrzeski the only time.[260]
Karl-Friedrich Bonhoeffer January 13, 1899
Breslau, now Poland
May 15, 1957
Göttingen, Germany
1947, 1949 Nominated by W.Heisenberg only and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[261]
Klaus Clusius March 19, 1903
Breslau, now Poland
May 28, 1963
Zürich, Switzerland
1947, 1949, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[262]
Walther Meissner December 16, 1882
Berlin, German Empire
November 16, 1974
Munich, Germany
1947, 1950, 1955, 1966, 1967 [263]
Dmitri Skobeltsyn November 24, 1892
Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
November 16, 1990
Moscow, Russia
1947 Nominated jointly with Br.Rossi, P.Blackett and P.V.Auger the only time by Cz.Białobrzeski.[264]
Bruno Rossi April 13, 1905
Venice, Kingdom of Italy
November 21, 1993
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
1947, 1948, 1949, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 [265]
Llewellyn Thomas October 21, 1903
London, United Kingdom
April 20, 1992
Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
1947, 1968 Nominated jointly with S.Goudsmit and G.Uhlenbeck only.[266]
George Uhlenbeck December 6, 1900
Batavia, now Indonesia
October 31, 1988
Boulder, Colorado, United States
1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Nominated jointly with S.Goudsmit only.[267]
1948
Helmut Scheffers[268] September 13, 1898
Darmstadt, German Empire
February 25, 1963
West Berlin, Germany
1948 Nominated the only time by J.Stark.[269]
Balthasar van der Pol January 27, 1889
Utrecht, Netherlands
October 6, 1959
Wassenaar, Netherlands
1948, 1949, 1950 Nominated by brothers Louis and M. de Broglie only.[270]
Marcel Schein June 9, 1902
Trstená, now Slovakia
February 20, 1960
Chicago, United States
1948, 1949, 1951, 1952 [271]
Walter Grotrian April 21, 1890
Aachen, German Empire
March 3, 1954
Potsdam, Germany
1948 Nominated jointly with B.Edlén and B.Lyot the only time by Alfred Kastler.[272]
Bengt Edlén November 2, 1906,
Gusum, Sweden
February 10, 1993
Lund, Sweden
1948, 1950, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1960, 1963, 1964 [273]
Henry Lincoln Yeagley, Sr.[274] July 17, 1899
York, Pennsylvania, United States
December 26, 1996
State College, Pennsylvania, United States
1948 [275]

Nominated jointly with R.W.Pohl the only time by W.O.Schumann

[276]
Karl Guthe Jansky October 22, 1905
Norman, Oklahoma, United States
February 14, 1950
Red Bank, New Jersey, United States
Robert Wichard Pohl August 10, 1884
Hamburg, German Empire
June 5, 1976
Göttingen, Germany
1948, 1953, 1957, 1959, 1967[ba] [277]
Felix Bloch October 23, 1905
Zürich, Switzerland
September 10, 1983
Zürich, Switzerland
1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 [278]

Shared the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics[bk]

[279]
1949
Edward Mills Purcell August 30, 1912
Taylorville, Illinois, United States
March 7, 1997
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
1949, 1950, 1951, 1952
C. F. Powell December 5, 1903
Tonbridge, United Kingdom
August 9, 1969
Valsassina, Italy
1949, 1950, 1951 Won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physics[bl][280]
César Lattes July 11, 1924
Curitiba, Brazil
March 8, 2005
Campinas, Brazil
1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954 [281]
Eugene Hill Gardner[282] March 22, 1913
Logan, Utah, United States[283]
November 27, 1950
Vallejo, California, United States
1949 Nominated jointly with C.Lattes the only time by W.Sc.Hill Rodriguez (1903–1987)[284] from Montevideo.[285]
Vannevar Bush March 11, 1890
Everett, Massachusetts, United States
June 28, 1974
Belmont, Massachusetts, United States
1949 Nominated the only time by Arthur C. Hardy.[286]
Alfred O. C. Nier May 28, 1911
St. Paul, Minnesota, United States
May 16, 1994
Hennepin County Medical Center, United States
1949 Nominated the only time by J.L.Kerwin and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[287][288]
Albert Portevin November 1, 1880
Paris, France
April 12, 1962
Abano Terme, Italy
1949 Nominated the only time by C.Benedicks and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[289]
Leo Szilard February 11, 1898
Budapest, Austria-Hungary
May 30, 1964
San Diego, United States
1949 Nominated the only time by M.Goldhaber and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[290]
Hans Kramers February 2, 1894
Rotterdam, Netherlands
April 24, 1952
Oegstgeest, Netherlands
1949, 1950, 1952 [291]
Harold Jeffreys 22 April 1891
Fatfield, United Kingdom
18 March 1989
Cambridge, England
1949, 1964, 1966 [292]
Edward Carl Stevenson[293] March 9, 1907
Sumpter, Oregon, United States
July 23, 2002
Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
1949 Nominated jointly with C.D.Anderson, S.Neddermeyer, H.Yukawa and J.C.Street the only time by Peter Gerald Kruger (1902–1978) from Urbana, Illinois, United States[294]
J. Curry Street May 5, 1906
Opelika, Alabama, United States
November 7, 1989
Charleston, South Carolina, United States
1949, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1967 [295]
Lawrence R. Hafstad June 18, 1904
Minneapolis, United States
October 12, 1993
Oldwick, New Jersey, United States
1949 [296]

Nominated jointly with Gr.Breit the only time by W.S.Adams

[297]
Merle Tuve June 27, 1901
Canton, South Dakota, United States
May 20, 1982
Bethesda, Maryland, United States
Gregory Breit July 14, 1899
Mykolaiv, now Ukraine
September 13, 1981
Salem, Oregon, United States
1949, 1970 [298]

1950–1959[edit]

Picture Name Born Died Years Nominated Notes
1950
Georg von Békésy June 3, 1899
Budapest, Austria-Hungary
June 13, 1972
Honolulu, United States
1950, 1953, 1954, 1958 Won the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[299]
Josef Mattauch November 21, 1895
Ostrava, Czechia
August 10, 1976
Klosterneuburg, Austria
1950 Nominated jointly with W.Kossel the only time by F.K.L.Machatschki and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[300]
Walther Kossel January 4, 1888
Berlin, German Empire
May 22, 1956
Tübingen, Germany
1950, 1954, 1955 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[301]
Hertha Wambacher March 9, 1903
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
April 25, 1950
Vienna, Austria
1950 Nominated jointly with M.Blau the only time by Erwin Schrödinger.[302]
Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
Marietta Blau April 29, 1894
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
January 27, 1970
Vienna, Austria
1950, 1955, 1956, 1957 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[303]
Horace W. Babcock September 13, 1912
Pasadena, California, United States
August 29, 2003
Santa Barbara, California, United States
1950, 1956, 1958 Nominated by Al.H.G.Dauvillier[bm] only[304]
Grote Reber December 22, 1911
Wheaton, Illinois, United States
December 20, 2002
Ouse, Tasmania, Australia
1950, 1967, 1969 [305]
1951
Julian Schwinger February 12, 1918
New York City, United States
July 16, 1994
Los Angeles, United States
1951, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 [306]

Shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics with R.Ph.Feynman[bn]

[307]
Shin'ichirō Tomonaga March 31, 1906
Tokyo, Japan
July 8, 1979
Tokyo, Japan
1951, 1952, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965
Luis Walter Alvarez June 13, 1911
San Francisco, California, United States
September 1, 1988
Berkeley, California, United States
1951, 1953, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 Won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physics[bo][308]
Willis Lamb July 12, 1913
Los Angeles, United States
May 15, 2008
Tucson, United States
1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955 Shared the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physics[bp] with P.Kusch[309]
Robert Curtis Retherford 1912
Carthage, Indiana, United States
1981
1951, 1952, 1953, 1955 Nominated jointly with W.Lamb only.[310]
William Francis Gray Swann August 29, 1884
Ironbridge Gorge, United Kingdom
January 29, 1962
Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, United States
1951, 1952, 1953 Nominated jointly with C.D.Anderson by V.Fr.Hess only.[311]
Homi J. Bhabha October 30, 1909
Bombay, India
January 24, 1966
Mont Blanc, Alps
1951, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956 Nominated by J.Hadamard only.[312]
Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky April 24, 1919
Berlin, Germany
September 24, 2007
Los Altos, California, United States
1951, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1962, 1967 [313]
Pascual Jordan 18 October 1902
Hannover, German Empire
31 July 1980
Hamburg, Germany
1951, 1963, 1967, 1970 [314]
Erwin Wilhelm Müller June 13, 1911
Berlin, German Empire
May 17, 1977
Washington, D.C., United States
1951, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[315]
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck March 13, 1899
Middletown, Connecticut, United States
October 27, 1980
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
1951, 1961, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [316]

Shared the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ph.W.Anderson[bq]

[317]
1952
Nevill Francis Mott September 30, 1905
Leeds, United Kingdom
August 8, 1996
Milton Keynes, England
1952, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1968, 1969, 1970
Polykarp Kusch January 26, 1911
Blankenburg (Harz), German Empire
March 20, 1993
Dallas, United States
1952, 1955 Shared the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physics[br] with W.Lamb[318]
Pavel Cherenkov July 28, 1904
Novaya Chigla, Russian Empire
January 6, 1990
Moscow, Russia
1952, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958 Shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ig.Tamm and Il.Frank[bs][319]
Lars Onsager November 27, 1903
Kristiania, Norway
October 5, 1976
Coral Gables, Florida, United States
1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 Won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[320]
Helmut L. Bradt[321] December 11, 1917
Berlin, German Empire
May 24, 1950
Brooklyn, United States
1952 [322]

Nominated jointly (Bradt - posthumously) with J.Clay the only time by Al.H.G.Dauvillier[bm]

[323]
Bernard Peters December 22, 1910
Posen, now Poland
February 2, 1993
Copenhagen, Denmark
Samuel Jackson Barnett December 14, 1873
Woodson County, Kansas, United States
May 22, 1956
Pasadena, California, United States
1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956 [324]
Georges Destriau 1 August 1903
Bordeaux, France
20 January 1960
Paris, France
1952, 1962 [325]
Louis Néel November 22, 1904
Lyon, France
November 17, 2000
Brive-la-Gaillarde, France
1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [bt][326]

Shared the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics
L.Néel nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too

[bu][327]
1953
Hannes Alfvén May 30, 1908
Norrköping, Sweden
April 2, 1995
Djursholm, Sweden
1953, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
Emilio Segrè February 1, 1905
Tivoli, Italy,
April 22, 1989
Lafayette, California, United States
1953, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959 Shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics with O.Chamberlain[bv]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too[328]
Eugene Wigner November 17, 1902
Budapest, Austria-Hungary
January 1, 1995
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
1953, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 Shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics[bw] with J.H.D.Jensen and M.Goeppert-Mayer[329]
Willard Libby December 17, 1908
Grand Valley, United States
September 8, 1980
Los Angeles, United States
1953, 1956, 1957, 1960 Won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[330]
Edwin Hubble November 20, 1889
Marshfield, Missouri, United States
September 28, 1953
San Marino, California, United States
1953 Died before the only chance to be rewarded.[331]
Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker June 28, 1912
Kiel, German Empire
April 28, 2007
Starnberg, Germany
1953, 1958, 1964, 1965 [332]
Robert J. Van de Graaff December 20, 1901
Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States
January 16, 1967
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
1953, 1964, 1966 [333]
Louis Leprince-Ringuet March 27, 1901
Alès, France
December 23, 2000
Paris, France
1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1960, 1966[ba], 1967[ba] [334]
John Bardeen May 23, 1908
Madison, Wisconsin, United States
January 30, 1991
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
1953, 1954, 1955, 1956,
1961[bx], 1963, 1965[bx], 1966[bx], 1967[bx], 1968[bx], 1969[bx], 1970[bx]
J.Bardeen shared 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics with L.Cooper and J.R.Schrieffer[by] too[335]


W.H.Brattain
nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too[336]

Shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics[bz]


[337]
Walter Houser Brattain February 10, 1902
Xiamen, China
October 13, 1987
Seattle, Washington, United States
1953, 1954, 1956
1954
William Shockley February 13, 1910
Greater London, United Kingdom
August 12, 1989
Stanford, California, United States
1954, 1955, 1956
Lev Landau January 22, 1908
Baku, now Azerbaijan
April 1, 1968
Moscow, Russia
1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963 Won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics[ca][338]
Fritz London March 7, 1900
Breslau, now Poland
March 30, 1954
Durham, North Carolina, United States
1954 Nominated jointly with L.Landau the only time by R.Marschak and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[339]
Died before the chance to be rewarded.
Ilya Prigogine January 25, 1917
Moscow, Russian Empire
May 28, 2003
Brussels, Belgium
1954, 1958, 1964, 1970 Won the 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[340]
Jean Laval [fr] January 31, 1900
Saint-Pardoux-le-Vieux, France
March 4, 1980
Paris, France
1954 Nominated the only time by A.Lichnorowicz.[341]
Georges Lemaître July 17, 1894
Charleroi, Belgium
June 20, 1966
Leuven, Belgium
1954 Nominated the only time by Al.H.G.Dauvillier[bm] and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[342]
Vladimir K. Zworykin July 29, 1888
Murom, Russian Empire
July 29, 1982
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
1954 Nominated the only time by Vitomir H. Pavloviћ[343] (9.II 1897, Опланићи - 1959) from the University of Belgrade.[344]
James Gilbert Baker November 11, 1914
Louisville, Kentucky, United States
June 29, 2005
Bedford, New Hampshire, United States
1954 [345]



[346]

Nominated jointly with B.Edlén and M.Deutsch the only time by H.Shapley

[347]



[348]
Edward Linfoot June 8, 1905
Sheffield, United Kingdom
October 14, 1982
Cambridge, England
Edwin H. Land May 7, 1909
Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States
March 1, 1991
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Karl Lark-Horovitz July 20, 1892
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
April 14, 1958
West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
Martin Deutsch January 29, 1917
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
August 16, 2002
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[349]
Maurice Goldhaber April 18, 1911
Lviv, now Ukraine
May 11, 2011
East Setauket, New York, United States
1954, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1970 [350]
1955
Ernst Ruska December 25, 1906
Heidelberg, German Empire
May 27, 1988
West Berlin, Germany
1955, 1957, 1960, 1961, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1970 Shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics[cb] with G.Binnig and H.Rohrer
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[cc][351]
Bodo von Borries May 22, 1905
Herford, German Empire
July 17, 1956
Aachen, Germany
1955 Nominated jointly with Ernst Ruska only and for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [cc][352][353]
Jan Oort April 28, 1900
Franeker, Netherlands
November 5, 1992
Leiden, Netherlands
1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961 [354]
Christiaan Alexander Muller [nl] April 18, 1923
Alkmaar, Netherlands
August 8, 2004
Delden, Netherlands
1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1961 Nominated jointly with J.Oort and H.C. van de Hulst only.[355]
Hendrik C. van de Hulst November 19, 1918
Utrecht, Netherlands
July 31, 2000
Leiden, Netherlands
1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968 [356]
Max Knoll July 17, 1897
Schlangenbad, German Empire
November 6, 1969
Munich, Germany
1955, 1957, 1961, 1967 [357]
Léon Brillouin August 7, 1889
Sèvres, France
October 4, 1969
New York City, United States
1955, 1957, 1960, 1965, 1967, 1969 [358]
George Rochester February 4, 1908
Wallsend, United Kingdom
December 26, 2001
Durham, England
1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966[ba], 1967[ba], 1968[ba], 1969[ba] [359]
J. Hans D. Jensen June 25, 1907
Hamburg, German Empire
February 11, 1973
Heidelberg, Germany
1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 [360]

Shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics[cd] with E.Wigner
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too

[361]
Maria Goeppert Mayer June 28, 1906
Kattowitz, now Poland
February 20, 1972
San Diego, California, United States
1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963
1956
Otto Haxel April 2, 1909,
Neu-Ulm, German Empire
February 26, 1998
Heidelberg, Germany
1956, 1957 [362]

Nominated jointly with J.H.D.Jensen and M.Goeppert Mayer by Karl Freudenberg only

[363]
Hans Suess December 16, 1909
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
September 20, 1993
La Jolla, California, United States
Richard Feynman May 11, 1918
New York City, United States
February 15, 1988
Los Angeles, United States
1956, 1957, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965,
1967
Shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics with J.Schwinger and Sh.Tomonaga[bn][364]
Alfred Kastler 3 May 1902
Guebwiller, now France
7 January 1984
Bandol, France
1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 Won the 1966 Nobel Prize in Physics[ce][365]
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin May 12, 1910
Cairo, Egypt
July 29, 1994
Ilmington, United Kingdom
1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961 Won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[366]
Jan Hendrik de Boer March 19, 1899
Ruinen, Netherlands
April 25, 1971
The Hague, Netherlands
1956 Nominated the only time by Antoine Hautot (1909–1998) from Liège.[367]
Lee de Forest August 26, 1873
Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States
June 30, 1961
Hollywood, United States
1956 Nominated the only time by Cl.Davisson.[368]
Mark Oliphant October 8, 1901
Adelaide, Australia
July 14, 2000
Canberra, Australia
1956 Nominated the only time by L.Ružička.[369]
Gerald Pearson March 31, 1905
Salem, Oregon, United States
October 25, 1987
Portola Valley, California, United States
1956 Nominated jointly with J.Bardeen and W.H.Brattain the only time by Mariano Velasco Durántez (1897–1984) from University of Barcelona.[370]
Gustav Ising February 19, 1883
Finja, Sweden
February 5, 1960
Danderyd Municipality, Sweden
1956 Nominated jointly with D.W.Kerst and R.Widerøe the only time by Ern.Walton.[371]
Rolf Widerøe July 11, 1902
Kristiania, Norway
October 11, 1996
Obersiggenthal, Switzerland
1956, 1969 Nominated jointly with D.W.Kerst only.[372]
Satyendra Nath Bose January 1, 1894
Calcutta, India
February 4, 1974
Calcutta, India
1956, 1959, 1962, 1968, 1969, 1970 [373]
Sydney Chapman January 29, 1888
Eccles, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
June 16, 1970
Boulder, Colorado, United States
1956, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1967, 1968, 1970 [374]
Cornelis Jacobus Gorter August 14, 1907,
Utrecht, Netherlands
30 March 1980
Leiden, Netherlands
1956, 1957, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970 [375]
1957
Igor Tamm July 8, 1895
Vladivostok, Russian Empire
April 12, 1971
Moscow, Russia
1957, 1958 [376]

Shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics with P.A.Cherenkov[bs]

[377]
Ilya Frank October 23, 1908
Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
June 22, 1990
Moscow, Russia
Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov March 24, 1891
Moscow, Russian Empire
January 25, 1951
Moscow, Russia
1957, 1958 Posthumously nominated jointly with P.A.Cherenkov only.[378]
Owen Chamberlain July 10, 1920
San Francisco, California, United States
February 28, 2006
Berkeley, California, United States
1957, 1958, 1959 Shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics with Em.Segrè[bv][379]
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar October 19, 1910
Lahore, now Pakistan
August 21, 1995
Chicago, United States
1957, 1962, 1968, 1969, 1970 Shared the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics[cf] with W.A.Fowler.[380]
Clifford Shull September 23, 1915
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
March 31, 2001
Medford, Massachusetts, United States
1957, 1968 Shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics[cg] with B.N.Brockhouse.[381]
Ernest O. Wollan November 6, 1902
Glenwood, Minnesota, United States
March 11, 1984
Minneapolis, United States
1957 Nominated jointly with Cl.Shull and L.Néel the only time by Ivar Waller.[382]
Frederick Reines March 16, 1918
Paterson, New Jersey, United States
August 26, 1998
Orange, California, United States
1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 Shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics[ch] with M.L.Perl[383]
Clyde Cowan December 6, 1919
Detroit, United States
May 24, 1974
Bethesda, Maryland, United States
1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 Nominated jointly with Fr.Reines only.[384]
Carl-Gustaf Rossby December 28, 1898
Stockholm, Sweden
August 19, 1957
Stockholm, Sweden
1957 Nominated the only time by H.Pettersson.[385]
Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
Gersh Budker May 1, 1918
Murafa, near Vinnytsia, now Ukraine
July 4, 1977
Akademgorodok, Russia
1957 [386]

Nominated jointly with Vl.I.Veksler the only time by L.Ružička

[387]
Alexey Naumov January 27, 1916
Petrograd, Russian Empire
November 22, 1985
Protvino, Russia
Hans Busch February 27, 1884
Jüchen, German Empire
February 16, 1973
Darmstadt, Germany
1957 Nominated jointly with Ernst Ruska and M.Knoll only.[388]
Ettore Pancini [it] August 10, 1915
Stanghella, Kingdom of Italy
September 2, 1981
Venice, Italy
1957, 1963 [389]

Nominated jointly with M.Conversi only

[390]
Oreste Piccioni October 24, 1915
Siena, Kingdom of Italy
April 13, 2002
Rancho Santa Fe, California, United States
Marcello Conversi August 25, 1917
Tivoli, Lazio, Kingdom of Italy
September 22, 1988
Rome, Italy
1957, 1963, 1965 [391]
Brebis Bleaney June 6, 1915
Chelsea, London, United Kingdom
November 4, 2006
Oxford, England
1957, 1959, 1966 [392]
Clifford Charles Butler May 20, 1922
Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
June 30, 1999
Glenfield Hospital, England
1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965[ba], 1966[ba], 1967[ba], 1968[ba], 1969[ba] Nominated jointly with George Rochester only[393][394][ci]
Yang Chen-Ning October 1, 1922
Hefei, China
1957[cj][ck] [395][cl]

Shared the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics[cm]

[396][cn]
Tsung-Dao Lee November 24, 1926
Shanghai, China
1958
Chien-Shiung Wu May 31, 1912
Liuhe, Taicang, China
February 16, 1997
New York City, United States
1958, 1959, 1960, 1964, 1965, 1967[ba], 1968, 1970 [397][398][co]
Robert Hofstadter February 5, 1915
New York City, United States
November 17, 1990
Stanford, California, United States
1958, 1959, 1960, 1961 Shared the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics[cp] with R.L.Mössbauer.[399]
Charles H. Townes July 28, 1915
Greenville, South Carolina, United States
January 27, 2015
Oakland, California, United States
1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 Shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics with Al.M.Prokhorov and N.G.Basov[cq][400]
Abdus Salam January 29, 1926
Jhang, now Pakistan
November 21, 1996
Oxford, United Kingdom
1958, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics with St.Weinberg and Sh.L.Glashow[cr][401]
Seymour Benzer October 15, 1921
Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, New York, United States
November 30, 2007
Pasadena, California, United States
1958 Nominated the only time by Ernest C. Pollard.[402]
Heinz Neuber [de] November 22, 1906
Stettin, now Poland
November 18, 1989
Bad Wörishofen, Germany
1958 Nominated the only time by Hajimu Ōkubo from Mechanical Engineering Departament of Nagoya University.[403]
Boris Rajewsky July 17, 1893
Chyhyryn, now Ukraine
November 22, 1974
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
1958 Nominated the only time by Fr.Dessauer.[404]
Harold D. Babcock January 24, 1882
Edgerton, Wisconsin, United States
April 8, 1968
Pasadena, California, United States
1958 Nominated jointly with H.W.Babcock the only time by Al.H.G.Dauvillier[bm][405]
William Hume-Rothery May 15, 1899
Worcester Park, United Kingdom
September 27, 1968
Oxford, England
1958 Nominated the only time by G.D.Preston and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[406]
Clyde Wiegand May 23, 1915,
Long Beach, Washington, United States
July 5, 1996
Oakland, California, United States
1958 [407]

Nominated jointly with Owen Chamberlain and Em.Segrè the only time by M.Verde [it]

[408]
Thomas Ypsilantis June 24, 1928
Salt Lake City, United States
August 15, 2000
Geneva, Switzerland
David Bohm December 20, 1917
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States
October 27, 1992
London, United Kingdom
1958 Nominated jointly with D.Pines the only time by Huzio Nakano [ja] (1922-2009) from Nagoya University.[409]
David Pines June 8, 1924
Kansas City, Missouri, United States
May 3, 2018
Urbana, Illinois, United States
1958, 1968 [410]
Alfred Landé December 13, 1888
Elberfeld, German Empire
October 30, 1976
Columbus, Ohio, United States
1958, 1969 Nominated jointly with S.Goudsmit and G.Uhlenbeck by Alfred Kastler only.[411]
Jesse Beams December 25, 1898
Belle Plaine, Kansas, United States
July 23, 1977
Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
1958, 1970 [412]
Victor Weisskopf September 19, 1908
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
April 22, 2002
Newton, Massachusetts, United States
1958, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1970 [413]
Yevgeny Zavoisky September 28, 1907
Mohyliv-Podilskyi, now Ukraine
October 9, 1976
Moscow, Russia
1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[414]
1959
Donald A. Glaser September 21, 1926
Cleveland, Ohio, United States
February 28, 2013
Berkeley, California, United States
1959, 1960 Won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics[cs][415]
Leon M. Lederman July 15, 1922
New York City, United States
October 3, 2018
Rexburg, Idaho, United States
1959, 1963, 1967, 1969 Shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics with M.Schwartz and J.Steinberger[ct][416]
Friedrich Dessauer July 19, 1881
Aschaffenburg, German Empire
February 16, 1963
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
1959 Nominated the only time by H.Schreiber [de] and for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cu][417][418]
Abram Ioffe October 29, 1880
Romny, now Ukraine
October 14, 1960
Leningrad, Russia
1959 Nominated the only time by Fr.X.Eder [de].[419]
Charles Kittel July 18, 1916
New York City, United States
May 15, 2019
Berkeley, California, United States
1959 Nominated the only time by W.Nierenberg.[420]
Albrecht Unsöld April 20, 1905
Bolheim, German Empire
September 23, 1995
Kiel, Germany
1959 Nominated the only time by G.Burkhardt [de].[421]
Frank Philip Bowden May 2, 1903
Hobart, Australia
September 3, 1968
Cambridge, United Kingdom
1959 Nominated the only time by L.B.Loeb.[422]
André Lallemand September 29, 1904
Cirey-lès-Pontailler, France
March 24, 1978
Paris, France
1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964 [423]
Nicholas Kemmer December 7, 1911
Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
October 21, 1998
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
1959, 1965 [424]
J. D. Bernal May 10, 1901
Nenagh, United Kingdom
September 15, 1971
London, United Kingdom
1959, 1966 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[425]
Norbert Wiener November 26, 1894
Columbia, Missouri, United States
March 18, 1964
Stockholm, Sweden
1959 Nominated jointly with Cl.Shannon the only time by G. N. Ramachandran.[426]
Claude Shannon April 30, 1916
Petoskey, Michigan, United States
February 24, 2001
Medford, Massachusetts, United States
1959, 1967 [427]
Carl Wagner May 25, 1901
Leipzig, German Empire
December 10, 1977
Göttingen, Germany
1959 Nominated jointly with W.H.Schottky the only time by R.Vieweg [de] and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[428]
Walter H. Schottky July 23, 1886
Zürich, Switzerland
March 4, 1976
Pretzfeld, Germany
1959, 1965, 1967[ba] Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[429]
Frederick Charles Frank March 6, 1911
Durban, South Africa
April 5, 1998
Bristol, United Kingdom
1959, 1961, 1968 [430]
Nikolay Bogolyubov August 21, 1909
Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire
February 13, 1992
Moscow, Russia
1959, 1960, 1963, 1966, 1967, 1968[bx], 1969, 1970 [431]

1960–1969[edit]

Picture Name Born Died Years Nominated Notes
1960
Alexander Prokhorov July 11, 1916
Peeramon, Queensland, Australia
January 8, 2002
Moscow, Russia
1960, 1962, 1963, 1964 [432]

Shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ch.H.Townes[cq]

[433]
Nikolay Basov December 14, 1922
Usman, Russian Empire
July 1, 2001
Moscow, Russia
Murray Gell-Mann September 15, 1929
Manhattan, New York City, United States
May 24, 2019
Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States
1960, 1961[bx], 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 Won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics[cv][434]
Abraham Pais May 19, 1918
Amsterdam, Netherlands
July 28, 2000
Copenhagen, Denmark
1960, 1968 Nominated jointly with M.Gell-Mann only.[435]
Nicolaas Bloembergen March 11, 1920
Dordrecht, Netherlands
September 5, 2017
Tucson, Arizona, United States
1960, 1962, 1963, 1969 Shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with A.L.Schawlow[cw] and K.M.B.Siegbahn.[436]
Max Perutz May 19, 1914
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
February 6, 2002
Cambridge, United Kingdom
1960, 1961 [437]

Shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

[438]
John Kendrew March 24, 1917
Oxford, United Kingdom
August 23, 1997
Cambridge, England
Jean Brossel August 15, 1918
Périgueux, France
February 4, 2003
Périgueux, France
1960, 1965, 1966 Nominated jointly with Alfred Kastler only.[439]
Albert Overhauser August 17, 1925
San Diego, California, United States
December 10, 2011
West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
1960, 1963, 1968 Nominated jointly with An.Abragam only.[440]
Anatole Abragam December 15, 1914
Griva, now Latvia
June 8, 2011
Paris, France
1960, 1963, 1968, 1970 [441]
James Van Allen September 7, 1914
Mount Pleasant, Iowa, United States
August 9, 2006
Iowa City, Iowa, United States
1960, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [442]
Kazuhiko Nishijima October 4, 1926
Tsuchiura, Japan
February 15, 2009
Tokyo, Japan
1960, 1961[bx], 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [443]
1961
Tadao Nakano [ja]
(Japanese: 中野 董夫)
1926
Tokyo, Japan
August 15, 2004
Takatsuki, Japan
1961[bx], 1970 Nominated jointly with K.Nishijima only.[444]
Rudolf Mössbauer January 31, 1929
Munich, Germany
September 14, 2011
Grünwald, Bavaria, Germany
1961 Shared the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics[cx] with R.Hofstadter.[445]
Leon Cooper February 28, 1930
Bronx, New York, United States
1961[bx], 1963[bx], 1965[bx], 1966[bx], 1967[bx], 1968[bx], 1969[bx], 1970[bx] [446][cy]

Shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics with J.Bardeen[by]

[447][cz]
John Robert Schrieffer May 31, 1931
Oak Park, Illinois, United States
July 27, 2019
Tallahassee, Florida, United States
Aage Bohr June 19, 1922
Copenhagen, Denmark
September 8, 2009
Copenhagen, Denmark
1961, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [448][449]

Shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physics with J.Rainwater[da]

[450]
Ben Roy Mottelson July 9, 1926
Chicago, United States
May 13, 2022
Copenhagen, Denmark
Louis Harold Gray November 10, 1905
London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, United Kingdom
July 9, 1965
Northwood, London, England
1961 Nominated the only time by H.E.Johns.[451]
Ladislaus L. (Bill) Marton [pt] August 15, 1901
Budapest, Austria-Hungary
January 22, 1979
Washington, D.C., United States[452]
1961 Nominated jointly with Ernst Ruska and M.Knoll the only time by D.Gabor.[453]
Frederick Seitz July 4, 1911
San Francisco, United States
March 2, 2008
New York City, United States
1961 Nominated jointly with N.Fr.Mott the only time by Kurt Lücke (1921-2001) from RWTH Aachen University.[454]
Walter Heitler January 2, 1904
Karlsruhe, German Empire
November 15, 1981
Zollikon, Switzerland
1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[455]
Egon Orowan August 2, 1902
Óbuda, Austria-Hungary
August 3, 1989
Cambridge, United Kingdom
1961, 1968, 1970 Nominated jointly with G. I. Taylor only[456][457]
Michael Polanyi March 11, 1891
Budapest, Austria-Hungary
February 22, 1976
Northampton, United Kingdom
1961, 1968, 1970[bx] Nominated jointly with G. I. Taylor and Egon Orowan only and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[458]
1962
Nikolay V. Belov December 14, 1891
Janów Lubelski, Congress Poland
March 6, 1982
Moscow, Russia
1962 Nominated the only time by his chief A.V.Subnikov and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[459]
Bogdan Maglich August 5, 1928,
Sombor, now Serbia
November 25, 2017
Newport Beach, California, United States
1962 Nominated the only time by Sreten Šljivić (1899–1974) from University of Belgrade.[460]
Reinhold Rudenberg February 4, 1883
Hannover, German Empire
December 25, 1961
Boston, United States
1962 Posthumously nominated the only time by P.W.Bridgman.[461]
Francis Bitter July 22, 1902
Weehawken, New Jersey, United States
July 26, 1967
Cape Cod Hospital, Hyannis, Massachusetts, United States
1962 Nominated jointly with Alfred Kastler and Ch.H.Townes the only time by Fr.Seitz.[462]
Martin Näbauer [de] November 1, 1919
Karlsruhe, Germany
September 10, 1962
Munich, Germany
1962 Nominated with R.Doll [de] the only time by W.Meissner.[463]
Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
R.Doll [de] January 16, 1923
Munich, Germany
April 13, 2018
Munich, Germany
1962, 1963 [464]
Marian Danysz March 17, 1909
Paris, France
February 9, 1983
Warsaw, Poland
1962, 1965, 1967 [465]
Theodore Maiman July 11, 1927
Los Angeles, California, United States
May 5, 2007
Vancouver, Canada
1962, 1969 [466]
Ali Javan December 26, 1926
Tehran, Iran
September 12, 2016
Los Angeles, California, United States
1962, 1963 Nominated jointly with J.Weber, Ch.H.Townes, N.Bloembergen, Al.M.Prokhorov and N.G.Basov by Er.Ingelstam [sv] only.[467]
Joseph Weber May 17, 1919
Paterson, New Jersey, United States
September 30, 2000
Pittsburgh, United States
1962, 1963, 1970 [468]
1963
James P. Gordon March 20, 1928
New York City, United States
June 21, 2013
Manhattan, New York City, United States
1963 Nominated jointly with Ch.H.Townes the only time by G.Bernardini [it].[469]
Martin Ryle September 27, 1918
Brighton, United Kingdom
October 14, 1984
Cambridge, England
1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Shared the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ant.Hewish[db].[470]
Bernard Lovell August 31, 1913
Oldland Common, United Kingdom
August 6, 2012
Swettenham, England
1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Nominated jointly with M.Ryle only.[471]
Arthur Leonard Schawlow May 5, 1921
Mount Vernon, New York, United States
April 28, 1999
Palo Alto, California, United States
1963, 1964, 1969 Shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with N.Bloembergen[cw] and K.M.B.Siegbahn[472][473]
Melvin Schwartz November 2, 1932
New York City, United States
August 28, 2006
Twin Falls, Idaho, United States
1963, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 [474]

Shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics with L.M.Lederman[dc]

[475]
Jack Steinberger May 25, 1921
Bad Kissingen, Germany
December 12, 2020
Geneva, Switzerland
1963, 1967, 1969
Max Delbrück September 4, 1906
Berlin, German Empire
March 9, 1981
Pasadena, California, United States
1963 Shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Alfred Hershey and S.Luria.[476]
Walter Friedrich [de] December 25, 1883
Salbke, Magdeburg, German Empire
October 16, 1968
Berlin, Germany
1963 Nominated the only time by Fr.Kirchner [de].[477]
Adriano Gozzini [it] April 13, 1917
Florence, Kingdom of Italy
September 24, 1994
Pisa, Italy
1963, 1965 Nominated jointly with M.Conversi by V.Hovi [fi] only.[478]
Ernest Courant March 26, 1920
Göttingen, Germany
April 21, 2020
Ann Arbor, United States
1963[dd], 1967 [479]

Jointly nominated only

[480]
M. Stanley Livingston May 25, 1905
Brodhead, Wisconsin, United States
August 25, 1986
Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States
William M. Fairbank February 24, 1917
Minneapolis, United States
September 30, 1989
Palo Alto, California, United States
1963, 1969, 1970 [481]
Herbert Fröhlich December 9, 1905
Rexingen, German Empire
January 23, 1991
Liverpool, United Kingdom
1963, 1964, 1966[bx], 1970[bx] [482]
1964
Philip Burton Moon May 17, 1907
Lewisham, United Kingdom
October 9, 1994
Worcester, England,
1964 Nominated the only time by R.L.Mössbauer.[483]
Edoardo Amaldi September 5, 1908
Carpaneto Piacentino, Kingdom of Italy
December 5, 1989
Rome, Italy
1964 Nominated jointly with Vl.I.Veksler the only time by Václav Petržílka (1905–1976) from Charles University, Prague[484]
Leopold Infeld August 20, 1898
Kraków, now Poland
January 15, 1968
Warsaw, Poland
1964 Nominated the only time by H.Hönl.[485]
Freeman Dyson December 15, 1923
Crowthorne, United Kingdom
February 28, 2020
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
1964 Nominated jointly with R.Ph.Feynman the only time by T.Regge.[486]
Keith Edward Bullen June 29, 1906
Auckland, New Zealand
September 23, 1976
Auckland, New Zealand
1964 Nominated jointly with H.Jeffreys the only time by Al.Zátopek [cs].[487]
Hermann Schüler [de] July 24, 1894
Posen, now Poland
July 5, 1964
Göttingen, Germany
1964 [488]

Nominated jointly the only time by Karl Walter Kofink (1907–1977) from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

Schüler has died before the only chance to be rewarded[489]
Theodor Schmidt [de] July 29, 1908
Düsseldorf, German Empire
December 10, 1986
Sulzburg, Germany
Scott Forbush April 10, 1904
Hudson, Ohio, United States
April 4, 1984
Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
1964, 1968 Nominated by J.Al.Simpson only.[490]
William Alfred Fowler August 9, 1911
Pittsburgh, United States
March 14, 1995
Pasadena, California, United States
1964 Shared the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics[de] with S.Chandrasekhar.[491]
Margaret Burbidge August 12, 1919
Davenport, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
April 5, 2020
San Francisco, United States
1964 [492]

Nominated jointly with W. Alfred Fowler and Fr.Hoyle the only time by H.Cl.Urey

[493]
Geoffrey Burbidge September 24, 1925
Chipping Norton, United Kingdom
January 26, 2010
La Jolla, California, United States
Fred Hoyle June 24, 1915
Gilstead, Bingley, West Riding of Yorkshire, United Kingdom
August 20, 2001
Bournemouth, England
1964, 1965, 1970 [494]
1965
Martin Schwarzschild May 31, 1912
Potsdam, German Empire
April 10, 1997
Langhorne, Pennsylvania, United States
1965 Nominated jointly with Fr.Hoyle the only time by William Russell Hindmarsh[495] (1929-1973) from Newcastle upon Tyne.[496]
Sybren de Groot [nl] April 18, 1916
Amsterdam, Netherlands
May 9, 1994
Amsterdam, Netherlands
1965 Nominated the only time by H.Ziegler from ETH Zurich.[497]
Susumu Okubo March 2, 1930
Tokyo, Japan
July 17, 2015
Rochester, New York, United States
1965 Nominated the only time by R.E.Marshak.[498]
Maurice Françon June 15, 1913
Paris, France
August 11, 1996
Sallanches, France
1965 Nominated jointly with R.Ph.Feynman the only time by Mariano Velasco Durántez (1897–1984) from University of Barcelona.[499]
Jan Volger[500] November 18, 1919
Haarlem, Netherlands
December 25, 1984[501] 1965 Nominated the only time by Otto Haxel.[502]
Robert Hanbury Brown August 31, 1916
Aruvankadu, India
January 16, 2002
Andover, Hampshire, England
1965, 1966 [503]

Only nominated jointly

[504]
Richard Q. Twiss August 24, 1920
Shimla, India
May 20, 2005
Sydney, Australia
Jerzy Pniewski June 1, 1913
Płock, Congress Poland
June 16, 1989
Warsaw, Poland
1965, 1967 Nominated jointly with M.Danysz only.[505]
Nicholas Christofilos December 16, 1916
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
September 24, 1972
Hayward, California, United States
1965, 1967 [506]
Yoshio Ohnuki [ja] November 7, 1928
Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

1965, 1966[df] Nominated jointly with M.Gell-Mann and Y.Ne'eman by G.Sutherland only.[507][dg]
Yuval Ne'eman May 14, 1925
Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine
April 26, 2006
Tel Aviv, Israel
1965, 1966[df], 1967, 1969 Nominated jointly with M.Gell-Mann only[508]
Friedrich Hund February 4, 1896
Karlsruhe, German Empire
March 31, 1997
Göttingen, Germany
1965, 1969 Nominated jointly with Er.Hückel only and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[509]
Erich Hückel August 9, 1896, Berlin
Berlin, German Empire
February 16, 1980
Marburg, Germany
1965, 1966, 1969 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[510]
John Archibald Wheeler July 9, 1911
Jacksonville, Florida, United States
April 13, 2008
Hightstown, New Jersey, United States
1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [511]
1966
Dennis Gabor June 5, 1900
Budapest, Austria-Hungary
February 9, 1979
London, United Kingdom
1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics[dh]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[di][512]
James Cronin September 29, 1931
Chicago, United States
August 25, 2016
Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States
1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [513]

Shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics[dj]

[514]
Val Logsdon Fitch March 10, 1923
Merriman, Nebraska, United States
February 5, 2015
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Bertram Brockhouse July 15, 1918
Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
October 13, 2003
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
1966, 1969 Shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics[dk] with Cl.Shull.[515]
H. Richard Crane November 4, 1907
Turlock, California, United States
April 19, 2007
Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
1966 [516]
Maarten Schmidt December 28, 1929
Groningen, Netherlands
September 17, 2022
Pasadena, California, United States
1966 [517]
Vladimir Fock December 22, 1898
Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
December 27, 1974
Leningrad, Russia
1966 Nominated jointly with N.N.Bogolyubov only.[518]
Jacques Friedel February 11, 1921
Paris, France
August 27, 2014
Paris, France
1966 Nominated jointly with L.Néel the only time by L.Lliboutry.[519]
William Brownfield Fowler[520] March 22, 1924
Owensboro, Kentucky, United States
May 3, 2015
St. Charles, Illinois, United States
1966 [521]

Nominated jointly the only time by Th.G.Kouyoumzelis [el]

[522]
Nicholas P. Samios March 15, 1932
New York City, United States
Jack Warren Keuffel[523] May 10, 1919
May 23, 1974
Little Cottonwood Canyon, United States
1966 [524]



[525]


Nominated jointly[526] the only time by Yozo Nogami (1918-2008) from University of Tokyo

[527]



[528]




[529]
Thomas Edwin Cranshaw[530] March 8, 1922
St.Annes-on-Sea, Fylde, United Kingdom
January 14, 2016
Johannes Frederik ("Hannes") de Beer[531] 1930
Shuji Fukui [ja] August 19, 1923
Osaka, Japan
May 4, 2018
Japan
Sigenori Miyamoto[532] October 20, 1931
Akashi, Hyōgo, Japan
December 31, 2017
Japan
Dan Schneiderman 1922
Baltimore, United States
December 22, 2007
Pasadena, California, United States[533]
1966 [534]



[535]

Nominated jointly[536] with R.B.Leighton the only time by R.L.F.Boyd

[537]



[538]




[539]
Richard Kanne Sloan November 11, 1930
Hockessin, Delaware, United States
J. Denton Allen May 16, 1934
April 5, 2014
Pasadena, California, United States[540]
Bruce C. Murray November 30, 1931
New York City, United States
August 29, 2013
Oceanside, California, United States
Robert P. Sharp June 24, 1911
Oxnard, California, United States
May 24, 2004
Santa Barbara, California, United States
Robert B. Leighton September 10, 1919
Detroit, United States
March 9, 1997
Pasadena, California, United States
1966, 1970 [541]
Bernd T. Matthias June 8, 1918
Frankfurt am Main, German Empire
October 27, 1980
La Jolla, California, United States
1966, 1967, 1969, 1970 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[542]
Brian Pippard September 7, 1920
Earl's Court, London, United Kingdom
September 21, 2008
Cambridge, England
1966, 1970[bx] [543]

Jointly nominated only

[544]
David Shoenberg January 4, 1911
Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
March 10, 2004
Cambridge, United Kingdom
1967
Vladimir Vladimirovich Belousov October 30, 1907
Moscow, Russian Empire
December 25, 1990
Moscow, Russia
1967 Nominated the only time by Robert Lauterbach [de].[545]
Arnold 'Fritz' Bopp December 27, 1909
Frankfurt, German Empire
November 14, 1987
Munich, Germany
1967 Nominated the only time by Gerhard Fanselau.[546]
Stuart Thomas Butler July 4, 1926
Naracoorte, South Australia, Australia
May 15, 1982
Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
1967 Nominated the only time by Joseph Lafoucrière (1918-2008) from Lyon.[547]
Raimond Castaing December 28, 1921
Monaco
April 10, 1998
Clamart, France
1967 Nominated the only time by Harald Sørum (1915–1995) from University of Trondheim.[548]
Hartmut Kallmann February 5, 1896
Berlin, German Empire
June 11, 1978
Munich, Germany
1967[dl] [549][dm]
James Stanley Hey May 3, 1909
Nelson, Lancashire, United Kingdom
February 27, 2000
1967 Nominated jointly with Gr.Reber the only time by Satya Narayan from Hyderabad.[550]
Albert Rose March 30, 1910
New York City, United States
July 26, 1990
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
1967 [551]

Nominated jointly the only time by Georges Asch (1931-2018) from the University Lyon 1

[552]
Murray A. Lampert[553] 1921
New York City, United States
August 4, 1988
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Bruno Pontecorvo August 22, 1913
Marina di Pisa, Kingdom of Italy
September 24, 1993
Dubna, Russia
1967 Nominated jointly with M.Schwartz and L.W.Alvarez the only time by R.Hofstadter.[554]
Edward Uhler Condon March 2, 1902
Alamogordo, New Mexico, United States
March 26, 1974
Boulder, Colorado, United States
1967 Nominated jointly with J.R.Oppenheimer and G.Gamow the only time by Alb.All.Bartlett.[555]
Rudolf Hilsch [de] December 18, 1903
Hamburg, German Empire
May 29, 1972
Göttingen, Germany
1967[ba] Nominated jointly with R.W.Pohl and W.H.Schottky the only time by Hans-Ulrich Harten (1920–1998) from the University of Göttingen.[556][dn]
Gerhart Lüders February 25, 1920
Hamburg, Germany
January 31, 1995
Göttingen, Germany
1967[ba] Nominated the only time by F.Fr.Cap [de].[557][do]
Marvin Leonard "Murph" Goldberger October 22, 1922
Chicago, United States
November 26, 2014
La Jolla, United States
Nominated jointly with N.N.Bogolyubov the only time by F.Fr.Cap [de].[558][dp]
Geoffrey Foucar Chew June 5, 1924
Washington, D.C., United States
April 12, 2019
Berkeley, California, United States
[559][dq]

Nominated jointly (Pomeranchuk - posthumously) the only time by F.Fr.Cap [de].

[560][dr]
Isaak Yakovlevich Pomeranchuk May 20, 1913
Warsaw, Congress Poland
December 14, 1966
Moscow, Russia
Cormac Ó Ceallaigh July 29, 1912
Dublin, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
October 10, 1996
Dublin, Ireland
Nominated jointly with Louis Leprince-Ringuet the only time by F.Fr.Cap [de].[561][ds]
Rafael Armenteros 1922
March 5, 2004
Nominated jointly with Cl.Ch.Butler and G.D.Rochester the only time by F.Fr.Cap [de].[562][dt]
Tullio Eugenio Regge July 11, 1931
Borgo d'Ale, Kingdom of Italy
October 23, 2014
Orbassano, Italy
Nominated the only time by F.Fr.Cap [de].[563][du]
Gordon Thompson Danby November 8, 1929
Richmond, Ontario, Canada
August 2, 2016
Stony Brook, New York, United States
Nominated jointly with co-workers the only time by F.Fr.Cap [de].[564][dv]
Hermann Julius Oberth June 25, 1894
Nagyszeben (Hermannstadt), now Romania
December 28, 1989
Nuremberg, Germany
Nominated the only time by F.Fr.Cap [de].[565][dw]
David Warren Turner July 16, 1927
Leigh-on-Sea, United Kingdom
1967, 1968, probably 1969&1970[dx] Nominated by E.Lindholm [sv] only and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too[566][dy]
Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey May 16, 1908
Invermay, Victoria, Australia
November 27, 1983
Esher, United Kingdom
1967, 1969 [567]
Rudolf Ernst Peierls June 5, 1907
Berlin, German Empire
September 19, 1995
Oxford, United Kingdom
1967, 1969, 1970 Nominated jointly with V.Fr.Weisskopf only.[568]
1968
Leo Esaki March 12, 1925
Takaida-mura, Nakakawachi-gun, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
1968[dz] [569][ea]

Shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics[eb]

[570][ec]



[ed][571][ee]
Ivar Giaever April 5, 1929
Bergen, Norway
Brian Josephson January 4, 1940
Cardiff, United Kingdom
1968, 1969, 1970[ef]
Robert Edward Bell November 29, 1918
New Malden, United Kingdom
April 1, 1992
Vancouver, Canada
1968 Nominated the only time by Nalini Kanta Saha (1908–199?) from the Delhi University.[572]
Gaston Dupouy [fr] August 7, 1900
Marmande, France
October 22, 1985
Toulouse, France
1968 [573]
William Elisworth Gifford[574] June 20, 1919
Cleveland, United States
1980
Syracuse, New York, United States
1968 Nominated the only time by Osmund Dorenfeldt Jenssen (1923-2009) from University of Trondheim.[575]
John Eugene Kunzler[576] April 25, 1923
Willard, Utah, United States
January 11, 2006
Port Murray, New Jersey, United States
1968 Nominated the only time by P.E.Duwez from Caltech.[577]
George J. Schulz [de] April 29, 1925
Brno, now Czechia
January 15, 1976
New Haven, Connecticut, United States
1968 Nominated the only time by R.Kollath [de].[578]
Hiroomi Umezawa September 20, 1924
Kurihashi, Saitama, Japan
March 24, 1995
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
1968 Nominated the only time by Ed.R.Caianiello.[579]
Konrad Ernst Otto Zuse June 22, 1910
Wilmersdorf, German Empire
December 18, 1995
Hünfeld, Germany
1968 Nominated the only time by H.Ehrenberg [de].[580]
Ivar Waller June 11, 1898
Flen, Sweden
April 12, 1991
Uppsala, Sweden
1968 Nominated jointly with C.J.Gorter only.[581]
Sergei Vernov July 11, 1910
Sestroretsk, Russian Empire
May 29, 1972
Moscow, Russia
1968 Nominated jointly with H.Alfvén, S.Chapman and J.Alfr.Van Allen the only time by L.Harang.[582]
Robert Henry Dicke May 6, 1916
St. Louis, Missouri, United States
March 4, 1997
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
1968, 1969 [583]
Gerhard Borrmann April 30, 1908
Diedenhofen, now France
April 12, 2006
Braunfels, Germany
1968 Nominated jointly with P.P.Ewald the only time by G.Leibfried [de].[584]
Paul Peter Ewald January 23, 1888
Berlin, German Empire
August 22, 1985
Ithaca, New York, United States
1968, 1970 [585]
Herman Francis Mark May 3, 1895
Vienna, Austria
April 6, 1992
Austin, Texas, United States
1968, 1970 Nominated by R.Robinson only and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[586][587]
John Clarke Slater December 22, 1900
Oak Park, Illinois, United States
July 25, 1976
Sanibel Island, Florida, United States
1968, 1969, 1970 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[588]
Hans-Peter Dürr October 7, 1929
Stuttgart, Germany
May 18, 2014
Munich, Germany
1968, 1969, 1970[eg] [589][eh]

Nominated jointly by W.Heisenberg only

[590][ei]
Jeffrey Goldstone September 3, 1933
Manchester, United Kingdom
1969
CERN Established in 1954
Geneva, Switzerland
1969 Nominated the only time by A.K.M.Kinani from Damascus.[591]
John Battiscombe
"J. B." Gunn
May 13, 1928
Cairo, Egypt
December 2, 2008
Mount Kisco, New York, United States
1969 Nominated the only time by Ernst Jenő [hu] from the Pécs University Medical School.[592]
Jens Lindhard February 26, 1922
Tystofte, Tjæreby Sogn, Denmark
October 17, 1997
1969 Nominated the only time by M.F.Yeniçay [tr].[593]
Reginald Charles Rainey June 18, 1913
Gosport, United Kingdom
January 18, 1990
1969 Nominated the only time by R.S.Scorer.[594]
Nicola Cabibbo April 10, 1935
Rome, Kingdom of Italy
August 16, 2010
Rome, Italy
1969 Nominated jointly with M.Gell-Mann the only time by M.J.G.Veltman.[595]
Jacob G. Dorfman [ru] March 26, 1898
Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
November 5, 1976
Leningrad, Russia
1969 Nominated jointly with Ye.K.Zavoisky the only time by Yu.B.Khariton.[596]
Pierre Jacquinot January 18, 1910
Frouard, France
September 22, 2002
Paris, France
1969 Nominated jointly with D.Gabor the only time by G.Szigeti.[597]
Eugene Newman Parker June 10, 1927
Houghton, Michigan, United States
March 15, 2022
Chicago, United States
1969 Nominated jointly with H.Ol.G.Alfvén and J.Alfr.Van Allen the only time by D.W.Kerst.[598]
Peter Alden Franken November 10, 1928 March 11, 1999
Tucson, Arizona, United States
1969 [599]

Nominated jointly the only time by Gianfranco Chiarotti (1928-2017) from the Sapienza University of Rome

[600]



[601]
Robert William Terhune[602] February 7, 1926
Detroit, United States
November 20, 2014
Blacksburg, Virginia, United States
Joseph Anthony Giordmaine [de] April 10, 1933
Toronto, Canada
Emmett Norman Leith March 12, 1927
Detroit, United States
December 23, 2005
Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
1969 [603]

Nominated jointly with D.Gabor the only time by Günther Porod

[604]
Juris Upatnieks May 7, 1936
Riga, Latvia
Feza Gürsey April 7, 1921
Istanbul, Turkey
April 13, 1992
New Haven, Connecticut, United States
1969 [605]

Nominated jointly with M.Gell-Mann the only time by Ahmet İhsan Özdogan (1913–1993) from the Department of Geophysical Engineering of Istanbul University

[606]
Luigi Arialdo Radicati di Brozolo October 12, 1919
Milano, Kingdom of Italy
August 23, 2019
Pisa, Italy
Jun Kondō February 6, 1930
Tokyo, Japan
March 11, 2022
Suginami, Japan
1969 [607]

Nominated jointly with Jens Leif Løkka (1913–1980)[608] from Mysen, Norway the only time by Osm.D.Jenssen[ej]

[609]
Sven Algot Joel Liljendahl June 12, 1912
Halland County, Sweden
2000
Jens Leif Løkka July 1, 1913 1980 1969, 1970 Nominated by Osm.D.Jenssen[ej] only.[608]
Georgy Nikolayevich Flerov March 2, 1913
Rostov-on-Don, Russian Empire
November 19, 1990
Moscow, Russia
1969, 1970 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[610]

1970–[edit]

Picture Name Born Died Years Nominated Notes
1970
Arno Allan Penzias April 26, 1933
Munich, Germany
January 22, 2024
San Francisco, United States
1970 [611]

Shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics[ek] with P.L.Kapitsa

[612]
Robert Woodrow Wilson January 10, 1936
Houston, Texas, United States
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn April 20, 1918
Lund, Sweden
July 20, 2007
Ängelholm, Sweden
1970 Shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics[el] with N.Bloembergen and A.L.Schawlow
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[613]
Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov June 25, 1928
Moscow, Russia
March 29, 2017
Palo Alto, United States
1970[em] Shared the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics with V.L.Ginzburg and Anth.J.Leggett[en][614][eo]
Antony Hewish May 11, 1924
Fowey, United Kingdom
September 13, 2021 1970 Shared the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics with M.Ryle[db][615]
Dame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell July 15, 1943
Lurgan, United Kingdom
1970[ep] [616][eq]
Paul Gaston Bastien[617] May 26, 1907
Fontenay-le-Comte, France
April 26, 1982
Paris, France
1970 Nominated the only time by G.Homès from Brussels.[618]
Ryogo Kubo February 15, 1920
Tokyo, Japan
March 31, 1995
Japan
1970 Nominated the only time by Yoshio Yamaguchi (1926-2016) from the University of Tokyo.[619]
Edward Teller January 15, 1908
Budapest, Austria-Hungary
September 9, 2003
Stanford, California, United States
1970 Nominated the only time by Or.Piccioni and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[620]
William Houlder
"Willie" Zachariasen
February 5, 1906
Langesund, Norway
December 24, 1979
Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States
1970 Nominated the only time by B.T.Matthias.[621]
Albert Ghiorso July 15, 1915
Vallejo, California, United States
December 26, 2010
Berkeley, California, United States
1970 Nominated jointly with G.N.Flerov the only time by H.Hulubei.[622]
Oskar Benjamin Klein September 15, 1894
Mörby, Sweden
February 5, 1977
Stockholm, Sweden
1970 Nominated jointly with E.P.Jordan only.[623]
Ralph de Laer Kronig March 10, 1904
Dresden, German Empire
November 16, 1995
Zeist, Netherlands
1970 Nominated jointly with V.Fr.Weisskopf the only time by Fr.Ed.J.M.Sauter.[624]
Carl Nordling February 6, 1931 April 1, 2016 1970 Nominated jointly with K.M.B.Siegbahn the only time by Gunnar Bäckström from the Umeå University.[625]
Johannes (Jan) Martinus Burgers January 13, 1895
Arnhem, Netherlands
June 7, 1981
Washington, D.C., United States
1970 Nominated jointly with Eg.Orowan and G.I.Taylor the only time by Fr.Ch.Frank.[626]
Janine Connes 1926 or 1934
France
1970 [627]

Nominated jointly with R.B.Leighton the only time by R.Wildt

[628]
Pierre Connes [fr] June 28, 1928
Paris, France
February 22, 2019
Orsay, France
Shoichi Sakata January 18, 1911
Tokyo, Japan
October 16, 1970
Nagoya, Japan
1970 Nominated jointly with Tadao Nakano [jp] and K.Nishijima the only time by H.Yukawa.[629]
Charles Brian Anthony McCusker[630] February 24, 1919
Stockton-on-Tees, United Kingdom
2001 1970 Nominated jointly with N.N.Bogolyubov, G.N.Flerov and J.Weber the only time by F.Fr.Cap [de].[631]
1971
Nominees are usually published 50 years later (2022), however 1971 nominees are currently unpublished.[632]

See also[edit]

Motivations and remarks[edit]

  1. ^ “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him”
  2. ^ "The work done is in the physical field but among the latest discoveries, Röntgen´s has been of greatest use in medicine"
  3. ^ “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity”
  4. ^ “for his work on cathode rays”
  5. ^ “for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference”
  6. ^ a b “in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy”
  7. ^ “for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids”
  8. ^ "Work on immunochemistry"
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Nomination was declared invalid by the Nobel Committee - The Nobel Population 1901-1937: A Census of the Nominators and Nominees for the Prizes in Physics and Chemistry Elisabeth T. Crawford, J. L. Heilbron, Rebecca Ullrich (Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California, 1987)
  10. ^ “in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena”
  11. ^ “in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel”
  12. ^ “for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies”
  13. ^ “in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases”
  14. ^ “in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys”
  15. ^ “for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid”
  16. ^ "Work on the perfection of the microscope and work on social hygiene"
  17. ^ “for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat”
  18. ^ “in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta”
  19. ^ “for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium”
  20. ^ “for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”
  21. ^ “for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys”
  22. ^ “for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium”
  23. ^ “for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields”
  24. ^ “for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals”
  25. ^ “for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays”
  26. ^ “for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour”
  27. ^ “for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect”
  28. ^ “for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them”
  29. ^ “for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements”
  30. ^ “for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics”
  31. ^ "Work on the colloid state in sickness and in health"
  32. ^ “for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom”
  33. ^ “for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him”
  34. ^ Nevertheless most probable nominee is Jules Richard (1848–1930) - inventor of a few meteorological instruments (including aneroid barograph)
  35. ^ “for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy”
  36. ^ “for his discovery of the effect named after him”
  37. ^ “for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons”
  38. ^ “for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton”
  39. ^ “for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen”
  40. ^ “for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory”
  41. ^ a b “for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”
  42. ^ “for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him”
  43. ^ “for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction”
  44. ^ “for his discovery of cosmic radiation”
  45. ^ “for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle”
  46. ^ “for his discovery of the positron”
  47. ^ “for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith”
  48. ^ “for the discovery of the neutron”
  49. ^ “for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons”
  50. ^ “for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer”
  51. ^ "Work on mitogenetic radiation"
  52. ^ “for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation”
  53. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r “All joint nominations with C C Butler have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  54. ^ “for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles”
  55. ^ “for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements”
  56. ^ “for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei”
  57. ^ “for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces”
  58. ^ "The polarographic method and its biological applications"
  59. ^ Chamberlain' motivation - “whose personal action has avoided a world war, and thus enabled all scientists to pursue their researches”
  60. ^ “for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars”
  61. ^ “for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope”
  62. ^ “for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics”
  63. ^ “for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith”
  64. ^ “for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method”
  65. ^ a b c d French physicist Alexandre Henri Georges Dauvillier (5.5.1892 Saint-Lubin-des-Joncherets – 23.9.1979 Bagnères-de-Bigorre) from Paris
  66. ^ a b “for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles”
  67. ^ “for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis”
  68. ^ “for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum”
  69. ^ “for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems”
  70. ^ “for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron”
  71. ^ a b “for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect”
  72. ^ “for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics”
  73. ^ “for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics”
  74. ^ a b “for their discovery of the antiproton”
  75. ^ “for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles”
  76. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w “All nominations with L.Cooper have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  77. ^ a b “for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory”
  78. ^ “for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect”
  79. ^ “for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium”
  80. ^ “for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope”
  81. ^ a b "Development of the electron microscope"
  82. ^ “for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure”
  83. ^ “for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms”
  84. ^ “for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars”
  85. ^ “for the development of the neutron diffraction technique”
  86. ^ “for the detection of the neutrino”
  87. ^ “Data of C C Butler (id 13849) has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  88. ^ “Nomination 18574 to Chen Ning Yang has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  89. ^ “Nomination 18575 to Tsung-Dau Lee has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  90. ^ “Data of Chen Ning Yang (id 13847) has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  91. ^ “for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles”
  92. ^ “Data of Tsung-Dao Lee (id 10775) has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  93. ^ “Data of Wu (id 14754) has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  94. ^ “for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons”
  95. ^ a b “for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle”
  96. ^ “for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current”
  97. ^ “for the invention of the bubble chamber”
  98. ^ “for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino”
  99. ^ "The introduction of deep X-ray therapy"
  100. ^ “for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions”
  101. ^ a b “for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy”
  102. ^ “for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name”
  103. ^ “Data of Leon N Cooper (id 11409) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  104. ^ “Data of John Robert Schrieffer (id 11410) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  105. ^ “for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection”
  106. ^ a b “for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars”
  107. ^ “for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino”
  108. ^ “Nomination 18835 of Ern.Courant & M.St.Livingston by Chen Ning Yang has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  109. ^ “for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe”
  110. ^ a b “Nominations 18847&19324 to Yoshio Ohnuki have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  111. ^ “Data of Y Ohnuki (id 13855) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  112. ^ “for his invention and development of the holographic method”
  113. ^ "Effects of radiation on cell division ("Zellteilung und Strahlung", Jul. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1928)"
  114. ^ “for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons”
  115. ^ “for the development of neutron spectroscopy”
  116. ^ “Nominations 19899 & 19900 to Hartmut Kallmann have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  117. ^ “Data of Hartmut Kallmann (id 14441) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  118. ^ “Data of Rudolf Hilsch (id 14753) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  119. ^ “Data of Gerhart Lüders (id 15060) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  120. ^ “Data of Marvin Leonard Goldberger (id 14493) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  121. ^ “Data of Geoffrey Chew (id 14494) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  122. ^ “Data of Isaak Pomeranchuk (id 14495) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  123. ^ “Data of Cormac Ó Ceallaigh (id 14496) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  124. ^ “Data of Rafael Armenteros (id 15061) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  125. ^ “Data about of Tullio Regge nomination (id 13297) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  126. ^ “Data of Danby (id 15065) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  127. ^ “Data of Oberth (id 15062) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  128. ^ “Nominations 19928&20219 and probably 20679&20800 to David Warren Turner have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  129. ^ “Data of David Warren Turner (id 14450) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  130. ^ “Nomination 20252 has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  131. ^ “Data of Leo Esaki (id 14575) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  132. ^ “for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively”
  133. ^ “Data of I Giaever (id 14755) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  134. ^ “for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects”
  135. ^ “Data of Brian David Josephson (id 14577) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  136. ^ “All nominations with Br.Josephson have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  137. ^ “Nominations 20234, 20701&20827 to Jeffrey Goldstone have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  138. ^ “Data of Hans-Peter Dürr (id 14563) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  139. ^ “Data of Jeffrey Goldstone (id 14564) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  140. ^ a b Osmund Dorenfeldt Jenssen (1923-2009) from the University of Trondheim
  141. ^ “for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation”
  142. ^ “for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy”
  143. ^ “Nomination 20810 (with Br.Josephson) has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  144. ^ “for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids”
  145. ^ “Data of Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (id 15475) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  146. ^ “Nomination 20866 to J.Bell has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  147. ^ “Data of Jocelyn Bell (id 15505) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”

References[edit]

  1. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  2. ^ "Guide to Nobel Prize". Britannica. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  3. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  4. ^ "Nomination Archive - Wilhelm C Röntgen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  5. ^ "Nomination Archive - Henri A Becquerel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  6. ^ "Nomination Archive - Philipp E.A. v. Lenard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  7. ^ "Nomination Archive - Gabriel Lippmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  8. ^ "Nomination Archive - Guglielmo Marconi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  9. ^ "Nomination Archive - Johannes D van der Waals". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  10. ^ "Nomination Archive - Svante A Arrhenius". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  11. ^ "Nomination Archive - William W Campbell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  12. ^ "Nomination Archive - Adolf E Nordenskiöld". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  13. ^ "Nomination Archive - William Thomson, Lord Kelvin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  14. ^ "Nomination Archive - Pieter Zeeman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  15. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hendrik A Lorentz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  16. ^ "Nomination Archive - Pierre Curie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  17. ^ "Nomination Archive - Marie Curie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  18. ^ "Nomination Archive - John W Strutt, Lord Rayleigh". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  19. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir Joseph J Thomson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  20. ^ "Nomination Archive - Charles E Guillaume". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  21. ^ "Nomination Archive - Pierre Chappuis". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  22. ^ "Benoit, Justin-Mirande René". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  23. ^ "Nomination Archive - René Benoit". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  24. ^ "Nomination Archive - John Kerr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  25. ^ "Nomination Archive - Wilhelm Hittorf". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  26. ^ "Nomination Archive - Gustave Le Bon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  27. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ludwig Boltzmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  28. ^ "Nomination Archive - Albert A Michelson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  29. ^ "Nomination Archive - John Kerr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  30. ^ "Nomination Archive - Walter Kaufmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  31. ^ "Nomination Archive - Motivation for Ernst Abbe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  32. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ernst Abbe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  33. ^ "Nomination Archive - Edouard Branly". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  34. ^ "Nomination Archive - Friedrich Kohlrausch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  35. ^ "Nomination Archive - Julius Elster". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  36. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hans Geitel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  37. ^ "Nomination Archive - Henri Poincaré". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  38. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir James Dewar". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  39. ^ "Nomination Archive - Karol Olszewski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  40. ^ "Nomination Archive - Oliver Heaviside". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  41. ^ "Nomination Archive - Arthur Schuster". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  42. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ferdinand C Braun". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  43. ^ "Nomination Archive - René Blondlot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  44. ^ "Nomination Archive - Petr N Lebedev". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  45. ^ "Nomination Archive - Heinrich Kayser". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  46. ^ "Nomination Archive - Augusto Righi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  47. ^ "Nomination Archive - Julius von Hann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  48. ^ "Nomination Archive - Wilhelm Wien". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  49. ^ "Nomination Archive - Max K Planck". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  50. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ernest Lord Rutherford". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  51. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ernst Hagen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  52. ^ "Nomination Archive - Heinrich Rubens". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  53. ^ "Nomination Archive - Pierre Duhem". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  54. ^ "Nomination Archive - William Crookes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  55. ^ "Nomination Archive - Gustaf de Laval". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  56. ^ "Nomination Archive - Emile Amagat". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  57. ^ "Nomination Archive - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  58. ^ "Nomination Archive - Henri Farman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  59. ^ "Nomination Archive - Gabriel Voisin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  60. ^ "Nomination Archive - Orville Wright". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  61. ^ "Nomination Archive - Wilbur Wright". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  62. ^ "Nomination Archive - John H Poynting". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  63. ^ "Nomination Archive - Valdemar Poulsen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  64. ^ "Nomination Archive - George E Hale". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  65. ^ "Nomination Archive - Albert Einstein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  66. ^ "Nomination Archive - Allvar Gullstrand". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  67. ^ "Nomination Archive - Knut Ångström". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  68. ^ "Nomination Archive - Otto Lummer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  69. ^ "Nomination Archive - Henri Abraham". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  70. ^ "Nomination Archive - Paul Langevin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  71. ^ "Nomination Archive - Walther H Nernst". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  72. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ernst Mach Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  73. ^ "Nomination Archive - Loránd Eötvös Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  74. ^ "Nomination Archive - Eugen Goldstein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  75. ^ "Nomination Archive - Charles Fabry". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  76. ^ "Nomination Archive - Nils G Dalén". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  77. ^ "Nomination Archive - Robert Hadfield". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  78. ^ "Nomination Archive - Jean B Perrin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  79. ^ "Nomination Archive - Theodor Svedberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  80. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hermann Frahm Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  81. ^ "Nomination Archive - Adolf Slaby Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  82. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ferdinand von Zeppelin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  83. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hugh L Callendar". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  84. ^ "Nomination Archive - Otto Lehmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  85. ^ "Nomination Archive - Henri Deslandres". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  86. ^ "Nomination Archive - Carl von Linde". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  87. ^ "Nomination Archive - Johannes Stark". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  88. ^ "Nomination Archive - Henry Le Châtelier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  89. ^ "Nomination Archive - Georges Gouy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  90. ^ "Nomination Archive - Friedrich Paschen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  91. ^ "Nomination Archive - Martin Knudsen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  92. ^ "Nomination Archive - Robert W Wood". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  93. ^ "Nomination Archive - Max von Laue". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  94. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir William Henry Bragg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  95. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir William Lawrence Bragg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  96. ^ "Nomination Archive - Charles G Darwin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  97. ^ "Nomination Archive - Henry G Moseley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  98. ^ "Nomination Archive - Charles T Wilson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  99. ^ "Nomination Archive - Thomas Edison". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  100. ^ "Nomination Archive - G Casalis". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  101. ^ Engineers Casalis and Pavia (the rolling stock department of the Italian State Railway, Turin) were winners of National (Milan, 1909–1911) and International (Paris, 1913) competitions for automatic vehicle coupling railway - Bollettino dell'Ispettorato dell'Industria e del Lavoro 4-5 ch.VII 307-316 (Ufficio del Lavoro, 1914)
  102. ^ "Nomination Archive - N Pavia". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  103. ^ L'Aerotecnica. XVII, fasc. 3, p.282 (1937)
  104. ^ "Nomination Archive - Kristian Birkeland". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  105. ^ "Nomination Archive - Carl Störmer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  106. ^ "Nomination Archive - Aimé Cotton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  107. ^ "Nomination Archive - Henri Mouton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  108. ^ "Nomination Archive - Robert A Millikan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  109. ^ "Nomination Archive - Irving Langmuir". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  110. ^ "Nomination Archive - Petrus J Debye". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  111. ^ "Nomination Archive - Carl D Runge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  112. ^ "Nomination Archive - Alexandre Dufour". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  113. ^ "Nomination Archive - Gustav A Ferrié". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  114. ^ "Nomination Archive - Peder O Pedersen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  115. ^ "Nomination Archive - Pierre Weiss". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  116. ^ "Nomination Archive - Niels Bohr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  117. ^ "Nomination Archive - Johannes Rydberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  118. ^ "Nomination Archive - Arnold Sommerfeld". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  119. ^ "Nomination Archive - Charles G Barkla". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  120. ^ "Nomination Archive - Alfred Pérot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  121. ^ "Nomination Archive - Fernando Sanford". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  122. ^ "Nomination Archive - Theodore Lyman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  123. ^ "Nomination Archive - Percy W Bridgman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  124. ^ "Nomination Archive - Wilhelm Ostwald". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  125. ^ "Nomination Archive - Walter S Adams". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  126. ^ "Nomination Archive - Carl Barus". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  127. ^ "Nomination Archive - Louis Lumière". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  128. ^ "Nomination Archive - Motivation for Auguste Lumière". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  129. ^ "Nomination Archive - Auguste Lumière". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  130. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ernst Gehrcke". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  131. ^ "Nomination Archive - Francis W Aston". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  132. ^ "Nomination Archive - Charles G Abbot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  133. ^ "Nomination Archive - Leo Graetz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  134. ^ "Nomination Archive - William D Coolidge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  135. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Soddy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  136. ^ "Nomination Archive – Kasimir Fajans". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  137. ^ "Nomination Archive - Wolfgang Gaede". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  138. ^ "Nomination Archive - Vilhelm Bjerknes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  139. ^ "Nomination Archive - James Franck". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  140. ^ "Nomination Archive - Gustav Hertz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  141. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir Owen W Richardson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  142. ^ "Nomination Archive - Jules Richard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  143. ^ "Nomination Archive - William N Shaw". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  144. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir John S Townsend". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  145. ^ "Nomination Archive - Manne Kai Siegbahn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  146. ^ "Nomination Archive - Arthur H Compton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  147. ^ "Nomination Archive - Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  148. ^ "Nomination Archive - Otto Stern". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  149. ^ "Nomination Archive - Walter Gerlach". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  150. ^ "Nomination Archive - Siegmund Strauss". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  151. ^ "Nomination Archive - John A Fleming". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  152. ^ "Nomination Archive - Maurice de Broglie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  153. ^ "Nomination Archive - Dayton C Miller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  154. ^ "Nomination Archive - Werner Kohlhörster". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  155. ^ "Nomination Archive - Victor Kaplan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  156. ^ "Nomination Archive - Carl Ramsauer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  157. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ludwig Prandtl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  158. ^ "Nomination Archive - Jacob Bjerknes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  159. ^ "Nomination Archive - Tor Bergeron". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  160. ^ "Nomination Archive - Halvor Solberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  161. ^ "Nomination Archive - Werner Heisenberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  162. ^ "Nomination Archive - Erwin Schrödinger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  163. ^ "Nomination Archive - Paul A Dirac". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  164. ^ "Nomination Archive - Clinton J Davisson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  165. ^ "Nomination Archive - Lester H Germer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  166. ^ "Nomination Archive - Emil Warburg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  167. ^ "Nomination Archive - Edwin H Armstrong". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  168. ^ "Nomination Archive - Alexander Meissner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  169. ^ "Nomination Archive - Michael I Pupin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  170. ^ "Nomination Archive - David Hilbert". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  171. ^ "Nomination Archive - Jean Cabannes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  172. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir Chandrasekhara V Raman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  173. ^ "Nomination Archive - Grigoriy S Landsberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  174. ^ "Nomination Archive - Leonid Mandelshtam (Mandelstam)". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  175. ^ "Nomination Archive - Max Born". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  176. ^ "Nomination Archive - Henry Norris Russell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  177. ^ "Nomination Archive - Meghnad N Saha". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  178. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ira S Bowen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  179. ^ "Nomination Archive - Victor F Hess". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  180. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir George P Thomson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  181. ^ "Nomination Archive - Georges Claude". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  182. ^ "Nomination Archive - Kotaro Honda". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  183. ^ "Nomination Archive - Auguste Piccard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  184. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir Arthur S Eddington". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  185. ^ "Nomination Archive - Wolfgang Pauli". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  186. ^ Villat H Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences. Vie académique 267 p.64 (1968)
  187. ^ "Nomination Archive - René Thiry". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  188. ^ "Nomination Archive - Carl D Anderson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  189. ^ "Nomination Archive - Walther Bothe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  190. ^ "Nomination Archive - James Chadwick". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  191. ^ "Nomination Archive - Frédéric Joliot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  192. ^ "Nomination Archive - Irène Joliot-Curie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  193. ^ "Nomination Archive - Harold Clayton Urey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  194. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ferdinand G Brickwedde". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  195. ^ "Nomination Archive - George M Murphy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  196. ^ "NCpedia - Murphy, George Moseley". NCpedia.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  197. ^ "Nomination Archive - Gustaf W Elmen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  198. ^ "Nomination Archive - Lars Vegard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  199. ^ "Nomination Archive - Giancarlo Vallauri". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  200. ^ "Nomination Archive - Enrico Fermi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  201. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir Edward V Appleton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  202. ^ "Nomination Archive - Arthur E Kennelly". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  203. ^ "Nomination Archive - Motivation for Alexander Gurwitsch [Gurvitsch]". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  204. ^ "Nomination Archive - Alexander Gurwitsch [Gurvitsch]". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  205. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hugo Dingler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  206. ^ "Nomination Archive - Felix Ehrenhaft". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  207. ^ "Nomination Archive - Abraham Esau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  208. ^ "The Canadian Encyclopedia - David Arnold Keys". cns-snc.ca. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  209. ^ "Nomination Archive - John C McLennan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  210. ^ "Nomination Archive - Fritz Zwicky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  211. ^ "Nomination Archive - Wander J de Haas". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  212. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hans W Geiger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  213. ^ "Nomination Archive - Samuel Abraham Goudsmit". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  214. ^ "Nomination Archive - Patrick Maynard S Blackett (Baron Blackett)". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  215. ^ "Nomination Archive - Giuseppe Paolo Stanislao Occhialini". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  216. ^ "Nomination Archive - Jacob Clay". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  217. ^ "Nomination Archive - John Douglas Cockcroft". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  218. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  219. ^ "Nomination Archive - Otto Hahn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  220. ^ "Nomination Archive - Lise Meitner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  221. ^ "Nomination Archive - Alfred L Loomis". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  222. ^ "Nomination Archive - Nikola Tesla". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  223. ^ "Nomination Archive - Gilles Holst". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  224. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  225. ^ "Nomination Archive - Geoffrey Ingram Taylor". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  226. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ernest O Lawrence". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  227. ^ "Nomination Archive - Erich Regener". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  228. ^ "Nomination Archive - Isidor I Rabi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  229. ^ "Nomination Archive - Albert W Hull". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  230. ^ "Nomination Archive - Paul Scherrer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  231. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hideki Yukawa". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  232. ^ "Nomination Archive - William F Giauque". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  233. ^ "Nomination Archive - Jaroslav Heyrovský". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  234. ^ "Nomination Archive - Henri Bouasse". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  235. ^ "Nomination Archive - (Arthur) Neville Chamberlain". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  236. ^ "Nomination Archive - Willem H Keesom". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  237. ^ "Nomination Archive - Fritz Strassmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  238. ^ "Nomination Archive - Seth H Neddermeyer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  239. ^ "Nomination Archive - Pierre Auger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  240. ^ "Nomination Archive - George de Hevesy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  241. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hans Albrecht Bethe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  242. ^ "Nomination Archive - Santiago A Mayolo". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  243. ^ "Nomination Archive - George A Gamow". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  244. ^ "Nomination Archive - Donald William Kerst". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  245. ^ "Nomination Archive - Frits Zernike". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  246. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hendrik B Dorgelo". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  247. ^ "Nomination Archive - Christiaan van Geel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  248. ^ "Nomination Archive - Frans M Penning". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  249. ^ Poggendorff's Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch der exakten Naturwissenschaften, Bd.7b, 1564 (Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 1965-1992)
  250. ^ "Nomination Archive - Bernard M Lyot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  251. ^ "Nomination Archive - Otto Robert Frisch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  252. ^ "Nomination Archive - Pyotr L Kapitsa". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  253. ^ "Nomination Archive - Nuclear Scientists". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  254. ^ "Nomination Archive - Arthur J Dempster". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  255. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir Francis E Simon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  256. ^ "Nomination Archive - Robert J Oppenheimer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  257. ^ "Nomination Archive - Edwin M McMillan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  258. ^ "Nomination Archive - Vladimir Iosifovich Veksler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  259. ^ "Nomination Archive - Camille Gutton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  260. ^ "Nomination Archive - Robert Serber". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  261. ^ "Nomination Archive - Karl-Friedrich O Bonhoeffer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  262. ^ "Nomination Archive - Klaus Clusius". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  263. ^ "Nomination Archive - Walther Meissner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  264. ^ "Nomination Archive - Dimitrij V Skobelzyn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  265. ^ "Nomination Archive - Bruno Benedetto Rossi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  266. ^ "Nomination Archive - Llewellyn H Thomas". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  267. ^ "Nomination Archive - George Eugene Uhlenbeck". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  268. ^ Bussemer, P et al. PTB Mitteilungen 123 Heft 1, 67 (2013)
  269. ^ "Nomination Archive - Helmut Scheffers". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  270. ^ "Nomination Archive - Balthasar van der Pol". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  271. ^ "Nomination Archive - Marcel Schein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  272. ^ "Nomination Archive - Walter Grotrian". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  273. ^ "Nomination Archive - Bengt Edlén". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  274. ^ Brown S, Trimble V Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 29 1497 (1997)
  275. ^ "Nomination Archive - Henry I Yeagley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  276. ^ "Nomination Archive - Karl G Jansky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  277. ^ "Nomination Archive - Robert Wichard Pohl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  278. ^ "Nomination Archive - Felix Bloch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  279. ^ "Nomination Archive - Edward M Purcell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  280. ^ "Nomination Archive - Cecil F Powell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  281. ^ "Nomination Archive - César M G Lattes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  282. ^ Physics Today 4(1) 30 (1951)
  283. ^ "FamilySearch - Eugene Hill Gardner". ancestors.familysearch.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  284. ^ "Historias Universitarias - Walter Scott Hill Rodriguez" (PDF). historiasuniversitarias.edu.uy (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  285. ^ "Nomination Archive - Eugène Gardner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  286. ^ "Nomination Archive - Vannevar Bush". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  287. ^ "Nomination Archive - Alfred C Nier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  288. ^ "Nomination Archive - A.O.C Nier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  289. ^ "Nomination Archive - Albert Portevin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  290. ^ "Nomination Archive - Leo Szilard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  291. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hendrik A Kramers". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  292. ^ "Nomination Archive - Harold Jeffreys". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  293. ^ Bernard Fernandez&Georges Ripka
    Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus
    A Sixty Year Journey 1896—1956

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  296. ^ "Nomination Archive - Lawrence R Hafstad". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  297. ^ "Nomination Archive - Marle A Tuve". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  298. ^ "Nomination Archive - Gregory Breit". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  299. ^ "Nomination Archive - Georg von Békésy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  300. ^ "Nomination Archive - Joseph Mattauch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  301. ^ "Nomination Archive - Walther Kossel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  302. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hertha Wambacher". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  303. ^ "Nomination Archive - Marietta Blau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  304. ^ "Nomination Archive - Horace Welcome Babcock". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  305. ^ "Nomination Archive - Reber". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  307. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sin-Itiro Tomonaga". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  308. ^ "Nomination Archive - Luis Walter Alvarez". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  309. ^ "Nomination Archive - Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  313. ^ "Nomination Archive - Wolfgang Kurt Hermann Panofsky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  314. ^ "Nomination Archive - Pascual Jordan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  315. ^ "Nomination Archive - Erwin Wilhelm Müller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  317. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir Nevill F Mott". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  318. ^ "Nomination Archive - Polykarp Kusch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  319. ^ "Nomination Archive - Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov [Čerenkov]". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  320. ^ "Nomination Archive - Lars Onsager". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  321. ^ "ETHZürich - Zum Beispiel Helmut Bradt". blogs.ethz.ch (in German). 7 August 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  322. ^ "Nomination Archive - H L Bradt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  323. ^ "Nomination Archive - Bernard Peters". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  324. ^ "Nomination Archive - Samuel Jackson Barnett". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  325. ^ "Nomination Archive - Georges Destriau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  327. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hannes Alfvén". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  328. ^ "Nomination Archive - Emilio Segrè". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  329. ^ "Nomination Archive - Eugene P Wigner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  330. ^ "Nomination Archive - Willard Frank Libby". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  331. ^ "Nomination Archive - Edwin P Hubble". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  332. ^ "Nomination Archive - Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  333. ^ "Nomination Archive - Robert Jemison Van de Graaff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  334. ^ "Nomination Archive - Louis Leprince-Ringuet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  335. ^ "Nomination Archive - John Bardeen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  336. ^ "Nomination Archive - Walter Houser Brattain". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  337. ^ "Nomination Archive - William Shockley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  338. ^ "Nomination Archive - Lev Davidovich Landau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  339. ^ "Nomination Archive - Fritz London". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  340. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ilya Prigogine". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  341. ^ "Nomination Archive - Jean Laval". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  342. ^ "Nomination Archive - Georges Lemaître". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  343. ^ "Друштво физичара Србије - Витомир Павловић". dfs.rs (in Serbian). April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  351. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ernst August Friedrich Ruska". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  353. ^ "Nomination Archive - Bodo von Borries". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  355. ^ "Nomination Archive - Christiaan Alexander (Lex) Muller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  356. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  357. ^ "Nomination Archive - Max Knoll". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  358. ^ "Nomination Archive - Léon Brillouin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  359. ^ "Nomination Archive - George Dixon Rochester". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  363. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hans E Suess". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  364. ^ "Nomination Archive - Richard Phillips Feynman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  365. ^ "Nomination Archive - Alfred Kastler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  366. ^ "Nomination Archive – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  367. ^ "Nomination Archive - Jan Hendrick de Boer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  368. ^ "Nomination Archive - Lee de Forest". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  369. ^ "Nomination Archive - Mark Laurence E Oliphant". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  370. ^ "Nomination Archive - Gerald L Pearson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  371. ^ "Nomination Archive - Gustaf Ising". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  372. ^ "Nomination Archive - Rolf Wideröe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  373. ^ "Nomination Archive - Satyendra Nath Bose". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  374. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sydney Chapman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  375. ^ "Nomination Archive - Cornelis Jacobus Gorter". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  376. ^ "Nomination Archive - Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  377. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ilya M Frank". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  378. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sergey I Vavilov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  379. ^ "Nomination Archive - Owen Chamberlain". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  380. ^ "Nomination Archive - Subramanyan Chandrasekhar". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  381. ^ "Nomination Archive - Clifford G Shull". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  382. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ernest O Wollan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  383. ^ "Nomination Archive - Frederick Reines". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  384. ^ "Nomination Archive - Clyde L Cowan, Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  385. ^ "Nomination Archive - Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  386. ^ "Nomination Archive - Gersh J Budker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  387. ^ "Nomination Archive - Aleksei A Naumov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  388. ^ "Nomination Archive - Hans Busch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  389. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ettore Pancini". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  390. ^ "Nomination Archive - Oreste Piccioni". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  391. ^ "Nomination Archive - Marcello Conversi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  392. ^ "Nomination Archive - Brebis Bleaney". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  393. ^ "Nomination Archive - Clifford Butler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  394. ^ "Nomination Archive - C C Butler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  395. ^ "Nomination Archive - Chen Ning Yang". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  396. ^ "Nomination Archive - Tsung-Dao Lee". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  397. ^ "Nomination Archive - Chieng-Shiung Wu". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  398. ^ "Nomination Archive - Wu". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  399. ^ "Nomination Archive - Robert Hofstadter". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  400. ^ "Nomination Archive - Charles Hard Townes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  401. ^ "Nomination Archive - Abdus Salam". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  402. ^ "Nomination Archive - Seymour Benzer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  403. ^ "Nomination Archive - Heinz Neuber". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  404. ^ "Nomination Archive - Boris Rajewsky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  405. ^ "Nomination Archive - Harold Delos Babcock". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  408. ^ "Nomination Archive - Thomas Ypsilantis". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  419. ^ "Nomination Archive - Abram F Joffé". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  420. ^ "Nomination Archive - Charles Kittel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  422. ^ "Nomination Archive - Frank P Bowden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  423. ^ "Nomination Archive - André Lallemand". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  424. ^ "Nomination Archive - Nicholas Kemmer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  425. ^ "Nomination Archive - John D Bernal". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  426. ^ "Nomination Archive - Norbert Wiener". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  428. ^ "Nomination Archive - Carl Wagner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  429. ^ "Nomination Archive - Walter H Schottky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  430. ^ "Nomination Archive - Frederick Charles Frank". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  431. ^ "Nomination Archive - Nikolai Nikolaevic Bogoljubov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  433. ^ "Nomination Archive - Nicolay Gennadijevitj Basov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  434. ^ "Nomination Archive - Murray Gell-Mann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  435. ^ "Nomination Archive - Abraham Pais". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  436. ^ "Nomination Archive - Nicolaas Bloembergen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  437. ^ "Nomination Archive - Max Ferdinand Perutz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  438. ^ "Nomination Archive - John C Kendrew". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  439. ^ "Nomination Archive - Jean Brossel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  440. ^ "Nomination Archive - Albert W Overhauser". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  441. ^ "Nomination Archive - Anatole Abragam". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  442. ^ "Nomination Archive - James A Van Allen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  443. ^ "Nomination Archive - Kazuhiko Nishijima". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  444. ^ "Nomination Archive - Tadao Nakano". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  445. ^ "Nomination Archive - Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  446. ^ "Nomination Archive - Leon N Cooper". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  447. ^ "Nomination Archive - John Robert Schrieffer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  448. ^ "Nomination Archive - Aage Bohr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  449. ^ "Nomination Archive - A A Bohr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  450. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ben R Mottelson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  451. ^ "Nomination Archive - Louis H Gray". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  453. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ladislaus Laszlo Marton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  454. ^ "Nomination Archive - Frederick Seitz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  455. ^ "Nomination Archive - Walter Heinrich Heitler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  456. ^ "Nomination Archive - Egon Orowan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  457. ^ "Nomination Archive - D Orowan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  458. ^ "Nomination Archive - Michael Polanyi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  459. ^ "Nomination Archive - Nikolay Vasilyevich Belov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  460. ^ "Nomination Archive - Bogdan Maglich [Maglić]". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  461. ^ "Nomination Archive - Reinhold Rüdenberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  462. ^ "Nomination Archive - Francis Bitter". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  463. ^ "Nomination Archive - Martin Näbauer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  464. ^ "Nomination Archive - Robert Doll". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  465. ^ "Nomination Archive - Marian Danysz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  466. ^ "Nomination Archive - Theodore H Maiman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  467. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ali Javan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  468. ^ "Nomination Archive - Joseph Weber". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  469. ^ "Nomination Archive - James P Gordon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  470. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir Martin Ryle". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  471. ^ "Nomination Archive - Sir Bernard Lovell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  472. ^ "Nomination Archive - Arthur Leonard Schawlow". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  473. ^ "Nomination Archive - Arthur Leonard Schawlow". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  474. ^ "Nomination Archive - Melvin Schwartz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  475. ^ "Nomination Archive - Jack Steinberger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  476. ^ "Nomination Archive - Max Delbrück". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  477. ^ "Nomination Archive - Walter Friedrich". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  478. ^ "Nomination Archive - Adriano Gozzini". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  479. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ernst D Courant". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  480. ^ "Nomination Archive - Milton Stanley Livingston". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  481. ^ "Nomination Archive - William M Fairbank". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  482. ^ "Nomination Archive - Herbert Fröhlich". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  483. ^ "Nomination Archive - Philip Burton Moon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  484. ^ "Nomination Archive - Edoardo Amaldi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  485. ^ "Nomination Archive - Leopold Infeld". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  486. ^ "Nomination Archive - Freeman John Dyson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  487. ^ "Nomination Archive - Keith Edward Bullen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  488. ^ "Nomination Archive - H Schüler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  489. ^ "Nomination Archive - Th Schmidt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  490. ^ "Nomination Archive - Scott Ellsworth Forbush". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  491. ^ "Nomination Archive - William A Fowler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  492. ^ "Nomination Archive - Margaret Burbidge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  493. ^ "Nomination Archive - Geoffrey Ronald Burbidge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  494. ^ "Nomination Archive - Fred Hoyle". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  498. ^ "Nomination Archive - Susumu Okubo". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  499. ^ "Nomination Archive - Maurice Françon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  500. ^ "Catalogus Professorum - Prof.dr. J. Volger". profs.library.uu.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  503. ^ "Nomination Archive - Robert Hanbury Brown". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  504. ^ "Nomination Archive - Richard Q Twiss". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  506. ^ "Nomination Archive - Nicholas Constantine Christofilos". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  508. ^ "Nomination Archive - Yuval Ne´eman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  509. ^ "Nomination Archive - Friedrich Hund". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  511. ^ "Nomination Archive - J A Wheeler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  512. ^ "Nomination Archive - Dennis Gabor". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  513. ^ "Nomination Archive - James Watson Cronin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  514. ^ "Nomination Archive - Val Logsdon Fitch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  515. ^ "Nomination Archive - Bertram Neville Brockhouse". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  516. ^ "Nomination Archive - Horace Richard Crane". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  519. ^ "Nomination Archive - Jacques Friedel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  520. ^ "IEEE CSC Superconductivity News Forum - William Brownfield Fowler". snf.ieeecsc.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  521. ^ "Nomination Archive - W B Fowler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  524. ^ "Nomination Archive - J W Keuffel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  525. ^ "Nomination Archive - T E Cranshaw". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  535. ^ "Nomination Archive - K Sloan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  574. ^ "CELEBRATING WILLIAM E. GIFFORD ON FOUNDERS DAY". cryomech.com. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  602. ^ "In Memoriam: Robert William Terhune, 1926-2014". optica.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  605. ^ "Nomination Archive - Feza Gürsey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  606. ^ "Nomination Archive - Luigi Arialdo Radicati di Bròzolo". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  611. ^ "Nomination Archive - Arno Allan Penzias". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  614. ^ "Nomination Archive - Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  619. ^ "Nomination Archive - Ryogo Kubo". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  620. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Teller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  621. ^ "Nomination Archive – William Houlder Zachariasen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  622. ^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Ghiorso". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  623. ^ "Nomination Archive – Oskar Klein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  624. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ralph Kronig de Laer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  625. ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Nordling". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  626. ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes (Jan) Martinus Burgers". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  627. ^ "Nomination Archive - Janine Connes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  628. ^ "Nomination Archive - Pierre Connes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  629. ^ "Nomination Archive - Shoichi Sakata". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  630. ^ "ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE AND INNOVATION - McCusker, Charles Brian Anthony (1919 - )". www.eoas.info. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  631. ^ "Nomination Archive - Charles Brian Anthony McCusker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  632. ^ "Nomination Archive". NobelPrize.org. 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.