List of wars involving Algeria

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of wars involving the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria and its predecessor states.

  Algerian defeat
  Algerian victory
  Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)

Zayyanid Sultanate (1235–1556)[edit]

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result for Algeria and its Allies
Zayyanid–Almohad wars
(1236–1248)
Location: Algeria and eastern Morocco
Zayyanid Sultanate Almohads Zayyanid victory
  • Independence of the Zayyanid emirate secured
Battle of Oujda
(1248)
Location:Oujda
Zayyanid Sultanate Almohads Zayyanid victory
  • Independence of the Zayyanid emirate secured
Zayyanid Capture of Sijilmasa (1264)
(1264)
Location:Sijilmasa
Zayyanid Sultanate Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid victory
Siege of Tlemcen (1299–1307)
(1299–1307)
Location: Tlemcen, Algeria
Zayyanid Sultanate Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid victory
  • Surrender of the siege by the Marinids.
Capture of Tunis (1329)
(1329)
Location:Tunis
Zayyanid Sultanate Hafsid kingdom Zayyanid victory
  • Hafsids become vassals of the Zayyanids.
Siege of Tlemcen
(1335–1337)
Location: Tlemcen, Algeria
Zayyanid Sultanate Marinid Sultanate Marinid victory
  • Temporary occupation of the Central Maghreb (Algeria) by the Marinid sultanate
Battle of Kairouan
(1348)

Location: Kairouan, Tunisia
Zayyanid Sultanate
Hafsid Kingdom
Marinid Sultanate Victory of the Zayyanids and Hafsids
Barbary Crusade
(July 1 – October 1, 1390)

Part of the Later Crusades (1291-1578)

Location: Mahdia, Hafsid Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia)
The French army disembarking in Africa, led by the duke of Bourbon, holding a shield bearing the royal arms of France (15th century miniature)
Hafsid Kingdom
Zayyanid Sultanate

Hafsids of Béjaïa

Kingdom of France
Republic of Genoa
Crusader withdrawal
The Crusaders leaving Mahdia
Sack of Torreblanca (1397)
LocationTorreblanca, Spain
Zayyanid Sultanate County of Aragon Zayyanid victory
Zayyanid conquest of Fez
Location: Fez, Morocco
Zayyanid Sultanate Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid victory
  • Marinids become a vassal of the Zayyanids
Battle of Mers-el-Kébir
Location:Mers-el-Kébir
Zayyanid Sultanate Portuguese Empire Zayyanid victory
Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)
Location: Oran
Cardinal Cisneros dismbarking at Oran after the successful capture of the city.
Zayyanid Sultanate Spanish Empire Spanish victory
Spanish Expedition to Tlemcen
Location:Tlemcen
Zayyanid Sultanate Spanish Empire Zayyanid victory

Beylerbeylik, Pashalik, and Aghaliks of Algiers (1515-1671)[edit]

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result for Algeria and its Allies
Algiers Expedition (1516)
(1516)

Location:Algiers
Barbarossa
Flag of Kingdom of Kuku Kingdom of Kuku
Spanish Empire Algerian victory
  • Spanish attack repulsed
Algiers Expedition (1519)
(1516)

Location:Algiers
Beylerbeylik of Algiers Spanish Empire Algerian victory
  • Spanish attack repulsed
Fall of Tlemcen
(1519)

Location:Tlemcen, Algeria
Beylerbeylik of Algiers Spanish Empire Spanish victory
Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)
(1529)

Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars, and the establishment of the Regency of Algiers

Location:Algiers
Beylerbeylik of Algiers Spanish Empire Beylerbeylikal victory
Campaign of Cherchell (1531)
(1531)

Location:Cherchell
Beylerbeylik of Algiers Empire of Charles V:

Kingdom of France

Algerian victory
Ottoman–Venetian War
(1537–1540)

Part of the Ottoman–Venetian wars

Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars

Location: Mediterranean Sea

Beylerbeylik of Algiers
Holy League:
 Republic of Venice
 Spanish Empire

 Republic of Genoa
 Papal States
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Knights of Malta

Ottoman victory
  • A treaty or "Capitulation" was signed between Venice and the Ottoman Empire to end the war on 2 October 1540.
  • In the period between the start of the Second Ottoman–Venetian War in 1499 and the end of this war in 1540, the Ottoman Empire made significant advances in the Dalmatian hinterland – it didn't occupy the Venetian cities, but it took the Kingdom of Hungary's Croatian possessions between Skradin and Karin, eliminating them as a buffer zone between the Ottoman and Venetian territory.[1] The economy of the Venetian cities in Dalmatia, severely impacted by the Turkish occupation of the hinterland in the previous war, recovered and held steady even throughout this war.[2]
Algiers expedition
(1541)

Part of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars

Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars

Location: Algiers
Siege of Algiers in 1541. Engraving of 1555.
Beylerbeylik of Algiers Holy Roman Empire


Spanish Empire


Republic of Genoa
Republic of Venice
Duchy of Savoy
Papal States

Algerine victory
Charles V was the leader of the Holy League for the conquest of Algiers

Italian War of 1542–1546
(1542–1546)

Part of the Anglo-French Wars & Italian Wars

Part of the Algero-Spanish War

Location: Western Europe
The siege of Nice by a Franco-Ottoman fleet in 1543 (drawing by Toselli, after an engraving by Aeneas Vico)
Kingdom of France
Ottoman Empire

Beylerbeylik of Algiers

Holy Roman Empire


Spanish Empire
Kingdom of England

Inconclusive
Expedition to Mostaganem (1543)
(1543)

Location:Mostaganem
Beylerbeylik of Algiers Spanish Empire Algerian victory
  • Spanish attack repulsed
Expedition to Mostaganem (1547)
(1547)

Location:Mostaganem
Beylerbeylik of Algiers Spanish Empire Algerian victory
  • Spanish attack repulsed
Campaign of Tlemcen (1551)
(1551)
Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars

Location: Tlemcen
The troops of the regency of Algiers allied to the kingdom of Beni Abbes marching towards Oranie (19th century engraving)
Beylerbeylik of Algiers
Kingdom of Ait Abbas
Spanish Empire
Saadi sultanate
Algerian victory
  • The Moulouya river is set as the border
Campaign of Tlemcen (1552)
(1552)
Location: Tlemcen
Beylerbeylik of Algiers Saadi sultanate Algerian victory
The Moulouya river imposed as the border[3]
Capture of Fez (1554)
(1554)
Location: Fez, Morocco
Beylerbeylik of Algiers
Flag of Kingdom of Kuku Kingdom of Kuku
Saadi sultanate Algerian victory
Campaign of Tlemcen (1557)
(1557)
Location: Tlemcen
Beylerbeylik of Algiers Saadi sultanate Algerian victory
Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)
(1558)

Location:Mostaganem
Beylerbeylik of Algiers Spanish Empire Algerian victory
Campaign of Tlemcen (1560)
(1560)
Location: Tlemcen
Beylerbeylik of Algiers Saadi sultanate Algerian victory[4][5]
Rebellion of the Alpujarras
(1568–1571)

Part of the Algero-Spanish War

Location: Spain
Principal centres of the Morisco Revolt
Muslims of Granada
Beylerbeylik of Algiers
Spanish Empire Spanish victory
  • Mass expulsion of most Muslims in Granada
  • Resettlement of Granada with Catholic settlers
Franco-Algerian war (1609–1628) Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of France

Algerian victory

Tunisian–Algerian War of 1627
(1627)
Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars
Location: Algeria, Tunisia
Pashalik of Algiers Beylik of Tunis Algerian victory
  • The border continues to be fixed further by the wadi Mellègue.
Djidjelli expedition
(1664)

Location: Jijel
Combat between French and Algerian ships
Pashalik of Algiers
Kingdom of Ait Abbas
Flag of Kingdom of Kuku Kingdom of Kuku
Kingdom of France
Flag of Knights Hospitaller Knights Hospitaller
Algerian victory
  • France abandons Djidjelli

Deylikal period (1671-1830)[edit]

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result for Algeria and its Allies
French-Algerian War
(1681–1688)

Location: Algeria, Mediterranean Sea
Bombardment of Algiers by the fleet of Admiral Duquesne in 1682
Deylik of Algiers Kingdom of France
Flag of Knights Hospitaller Knights Hospitaller
Algerian victory
Morean War
(1684–1699)

Part of the Ottoman–Venetian wars

Location: Peloponnese, southern Epirus, Central Greece, Aegean Sea, Montenegro
View of the fortress and harbour of Modon in 1688
Ottoman Empire
Deylik of Algiers
 Republic of Venice
 Holy Roman Empire
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Knights of Malta
 Duchy of Savoy
Papal States
Knights of St. Stephen
 Greek rebels
Montenegrin
Venetian victory
  • Morea ceded to Venice
  • Venetian gains in inland Dalmatia
Moulouya War
(1692)

Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco

Location: Moulouya River, Morocco
Battle of Moulouya in 1692 involded Algeria and Morocco.[6]
Deylik of Algiers Sultanate of Morocco Algerian victory[7]
  • Oujda experiences more than 100 years of rule under the Regency of Algiers[8][9]
Siege of Oran (1693)
(1693)

Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco

Location: Oran, Algeria
Spanish Empire

Deylik of Algiers

Sultanate of Morocco Spanish-Algerian victory
Tunisian-Algerian War of 1694
(1694)

Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars

Location: Tunisia
The fronts and battles during the Tunisian-Algerian war (1694)
Deylik of Algiers
Tripolitania
Tunisia Algerian-Tripolitanian victory
  • All of Tunisia occupied (until 1695).[10]
  • Moroccan-Tunisian alliance.[11]
Maghrebi war
(1699–1702)

Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars

Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco

Location: Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia
Deylik of Algiers Tunisia
Sultanate of Morocco
Tripolitania
Algerian Victory
  • Moroccan and Tunisian forces routed
Tunisian–Algerian War of 1705
(1705)
Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars
Location: Tunisia
Deylik of Algiers Beylik of Tunis Inconclusive
Oran Expedition (1707)
(1707)

Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco

Location: Oran, Algeria
Deylik of Algiers Sultanate of Morocco Algerian victory
Siege of Oran (1707–1708)
(1707–1708)

Part of the Algero-Spanish War

Location: Algeria
The statue of Our Lady of Santa Cruz on the Fort of Santa Cruz in Oran
Deylik of Algiers Spanish Empire Algerian victory
Spanish-Algerian War (1732)(1732) Location: Oran
Deylik of Algiers Spanish Empire Spanish victory
Tunisian–Algerian Wars 1735
(1735)

Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars

Location: Tunisia
Deylik of Algiers Beylik of Tunis Algerian victory
  • Abu l-Hasan Ali I proclaimed bey of Tunis
  • Tunisian commitment to pay an annual tribute of 50,000 piastres to Algiers
Tunisian–Algerian Wars 1756
(1756)

Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars

Location: Tunisia
Deylik of Algiers
Loyalists of Muhammad
Beylik of Tunis
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Knights Hospitaller
Algerian and loyalist victory
  • Muhammad I ar-Rashid proclaimed bey of Tunis
  • Bey's commitment to pay a tribute (oil to light the Algerian mosques)
Danish-Algerian War
(1769–1772)

Part of the Algeria-European War

Location: Mediterranean Sea
Deylik of Algiers  Denmark–Norway Algerian victory
Christian VII of Denmark
Spanish-Algerian war (1775-1785)
(1775–1785)

Part of the Algero-Spanish War

Location: Algiers
Map of the Spanish attack on Algiers in 1775
Deylik of Algiers Spanish Empire
Tuscany

Kingdom of Sicily
Kingdom of Naples
Malta
Portugal
Algerian victory
Russo-Turkish War
(1787–1792)

Part of the Algeria-European War

Part of the Russo-Ottoman Wars

Location: Eastern Europe
Siege of Ochakov 1788, by Polish painter January Suchodolski
Ottoman Empire
Deylik of Algiers
 Russian Empire

Black Sea Cossacks

Montenegro

Serbian Free Corps
Russian victory
  • No major repercussions in Algiers
Reconquest of Oran and Mers el-Kébir (1790-1792)
(1790–1792)
Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars

Location: Oran and Mers-el-Kébir
Deylik of Algiers Spanish Empire Algerian victory
  • Spain abandons Oran and Mers-el-Kébir
Second Barbary war
(1815)
Location: Mediterranean Sea
Deylik of Algiers  United States American victory
  • Freedom of movement in the Mediterranean for American ships
Bombardment of Algiers
(1816)
Location: Algiers
Bombardment of Algiers 1816, George Chambers
Deylik of Algiers British Empire
Dutch Empire
Anglo-Dutch victory
Sketch showing the positions of the fleet during the bombardment
Bombardment of Algiers, painted by Martinus Schouman
Greek War of Independence
(1821–1829)

Location: Greece
Clockwise: The camp of Georgios Karaiskakis at Phaliro, the burning of an Ottoman frigate by a Greek fire ship, the Battle of Navarino and Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt at the Third Siege of Missolonghi
Ottoman
Deylik of Algiers
Tripolitania
Egypt
border=no Tunisia
1821:

After 1822:

Military support:

Diplomatic support:

Greek independence:
Map showing the original territory of the Kingdom of Greece as laid down in the Treaty of 1832 (in dark blue)

French Algeria (1830–1962)[edit]

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result for Algeria and its Allies
French conquest of Algeria
(1830–1903)

Part of the Algeria-European War

Location: Algeria
La prise de Constantine by Horace Vernet
Regency of Algiers

Emirate of Mascara
Kingdom of Ait Abbas
Sultanate of Tuggurt
Kel Ahaggar
Libya Awlad Sidi Shaykh Support:
 Morocco (until 1844)

 Kingdom of France (1830–1848)
 French Second Republic (1848–1852)
 Second French Empire (1852–1870)
 French Third Republic (1870 onward)

Support:
 Morocco (1847)

French victory

Pacification of Algeria

Chronological map of French Algeria's evolution
Algerian War
(1954–1962)

Part of the Algeria-European War

Location: Algeria
Collage of the French war in Algeria
FLN

MNA
PCA

 France Algerian independence

~1,500,000 total deaths (FLN estimate)
~700,000 total deaths (Horne's estimate)[23]
~350,000 total deaths (French estimate)

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (1962-present)[edit]

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result for Algeria and its Allies
Sand War
(1963–1964)

Part of the Algeria-European War

Location: Algeria
Border Algeria and Morocco
 Algeria
 Egypt[26]
 Cuba[27]
 Morocco
Support:
 France
[28]
Inconclusive
  • The closing of the border south of Figuig, Morocco/Béni Ounif, Algeria.
  • Morocco abandoned its intentions to control Béchar and Tindouf after OAU mediation.
  • No territorial changes were made.
  • Demilitarized zone established
Yom Kippour War

(1976)

EgyptSyriaExpeditionary forces:

Supported by:

Israel

Supported by:

Israeli military victory
Western Sahara War
(1975–1976)

Location: Western Sahara
Map of the Western Sahara; the red line is the military berm built by Morocco
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
 Algeria
 Morocco
 Mauritania
Inconclusive
  • Spanish withdrawal under the Madrid Accords (1976)
  • Mauritanian retreat and withdrawal of territorial claims
  • Military Stalemate[29][30][31]
  • Ceasefire agreed on between the Polisario Front and Morocco (1991)
Algerian Civil War
(1991–2002)

Location: Algeria
Military deployed in the streets of Algiers, after the military coup against the Islamists, who took up arms later
 Algeria


 Tunisia[33][34]
 European Union[35]
 France[34][35]
 Egypt[33][34]
 South Africa[36]
 Belarus (from 1997)[37]

FIS loyalists

Supported by:
Libya Libya (until 1995)[34]
 Morocco (alleged)[34][38][39]
 Saudi Arabia (pre-war)[35]
 Iran (alleged)[35]
Saudi private donors[35]


GIA (from 1993)

Supported by:
 Sudan (alleged)[41][42][43]
 Iran (alleged)[41][42][43]
Finsbury Park Mosque[44][45]
Brandbergen Mosque[46][47]
EIJ (until 1995)[48]

Government victory
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
(2002–present)

Location: Maghreb, Sahara, Sahel
Map showing GSPC area of operations (pink), member states of the Pan Sahel Initiative (dark blue), and members of the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (dark and light blue)
 Algeria
 Mauritania
 Tunisia
 Libya
 Mali
 Niger[51]
 Chad[52]
 France[52][53][54]
 Morocco[55]
GSPC (until 2007)
AQIM (from 2007)
Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (from 2017)
MOJWA (2011–13)
Al-Mourabitoun (2013–17)
Ansar Dine (2012–17)
Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) (from 2011)[56]
Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade (from 2012)[57]
Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) (2012–17)
Salafia Jihadia[55]
Islamic State Boko Haram (from 2006, partially aligned with ISIL since 2015)[58][59]
Ongoing
ISIL insurgency in Tunisia
(2015–present)

Location: Tunisia
 Tunisia
 Algeria
 Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)

Islamic State Ansar al-Sharia
(only in March 2016)[61]

Ongoing

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ 1821
  2. ^ a b c From 1826
  3. ^ First nation to recognize the independence of Greece.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Bogumil Hrabak (September 1986). "Turske provale i osvajanja na području današnje severne Dalmacije do sredine XVI. stoleća". Journal – Institute of Croatian History (in Serbian). 19 (1). University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb. ISSN 0353-295X. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  2. ^ Raukar, Tomislav (November 1977). "Venecija i ekonomski razvoj Dalmacije u XV i XVI stoljeću". Journal – Institute of Croatian History (in Croatian). 10 (1). Zagreb, Croatia: Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb: 218–221. ISSN 0353-295X. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  3. ^ Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane: La course, mythes et réalités Lemnouar Merouche Bouchene,
  4. ^ The Last Crusaders: East, West and the Battle for the Centre of the World. Barnaby Rogerson. Hachette UK.
  5. ^ History of Islam: Classical period, 1206-1900 C.E. Masudul Hasan. Adam Publishers & Distributors.
  6. ^ "Estats et royaumes de Fez et Maroc, Dahra et Segelmesse tirés de Sanuto, de Marmol etc. / Par N. Sanson". 1655.
  7. ^ Galibert, Léon (1844). L'Algérie: ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader (in French). Furne.
  8. ^ Present-day Morocco - Osmund Hornby WarneAllen & Unwin, 1937 - Morocco - Pg 237
  9. ^ Bulletin économique et social du Maroc, Volume 21, Issues 73-76 Société d'études économiques, sociales, et statistiques, 1957 - Morocco - Pg 74
  10. ^ Plantet, Eugène (1893). "Correspondance des Beys de Tunis et des consuls de France avec la Cour: 1577-1830".
  11. ^ "Les Deys 2". exode1962.fr. Retrieved 2021-05-10
  12. ^ Windrow, Martin; Chappell, Mike (1997). The Algerian War 1954–62. Osprey Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-85532-658-3.
  13. ^ Introduction to Comparative Politics, by Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108
  14. ^ Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt. Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations. Page 63.
  15. ^ George Bernard Noble. Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy. Page 155.
  16. ^ Robert J. C. Young (12 October 2016). Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Wiley. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-118-89685-3. the French lost their Algerian empire in military and political defeat by the FLN, just as they lost their empire in China in defeat by Giap and Ho Chi Minh.
  17. ^ R. Aldrich (10 December 2004). Vestiges of Colonial Empire in France. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-230-00552-5. For the [French] nation as a whole, commemoration of the Franco-Algerian War is complicated since it ended in defeat (politically, if not strictly militarily) rather than victory.
  18. ^ Alec G. Hargreaves (2005). Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.
  19. ^ "The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010). Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962).
  20. ^ Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. p. 117. ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9. The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death blow.
  21. ^ Yves Beigbeder (2006). Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 35. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire.
  22. ^ France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative. University of Wales Press. 15 October 2013. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-78316-585-8. The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the harki detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past.
  23. ^ Horne, Alistair (1978). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. New York Review of Books. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-59017-218-6.
  24. ^ Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000). The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-19-924104-0. Retrieved 2017-01-13. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France's Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.
  25. ^ Hobson, Faure L. (2009). "The Migration of Jews from Algeria to France: An Opportunity for French Jews to Recover Their Independence in the Face of American Judaism in Postwar France?". Archives Juives. 42 (2): 67–81. doi:10.3917/aj.422.0067.
  26. ^ Ottaway, David (1970), Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, p. 166, ISBN 9780520016552
  27. ^ Brian Latell (24 April 2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-137-00001-9. In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting; ; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king.
  28. ^ Nicole Grimaud (1 January 1984). La politique extérieure de l'Algérie (1962-1978). KARTHALA Editions. p. 198. ISBN 978-2-86537-111-2. L'armée française était en 1963 présente en Algérie et au Maroc. Le gouvernement français, officiellement neutre, comme le rappelle le Conseil des ministres du 25 octobre 1963, n'a pas pu empêcher que la coopération très étroite entre l'armée française et l'armée marocaine n'ait eu quelques répercussions sur le terrain. == The French Army was in 1963 present in Algeria and Morocco. The French government, officially neutral, as recalled by the Council of Ministers on October 25, 1963, could not prevent the very close cooperation between the French army and the Moroccan army from having some repercussions on the ground.
  29. ^ Anouar Boukhars; Jacques Roussellier (18 December 2013). Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-4422-2686-9.
  30. ^ Véronique Dudouet (15 September 2014). Civil Resistance and Conflict Transformation: Transitions from armed to nonviolent struggle. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-317-69778-7.
  31. ^ Ho-Won Jeong (4 December 2009). Conflict Management and Resolution: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-135-26511-3.
  32. ^ Paul Collier; Nicholas Sambanis (2005). Understanding Civil War: Africa. World Bank Publications. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-8213-6047-7.
  33. ^ a b Rex Brynen; Bahgat Korany; Paul Noble (1995). Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World. Vol. 1. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-55587-579-4.
  34. ^ a b c d e Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military: Algeria 1962–2008". In Jan-Erik Lane; Hamadi Redissi; Riyāḍ Ṣaydāwī (eds.). Religion and Politics: Islam and Muslim Civilization. Ashgate. pp. 241–243. ISBN 978-0-7546-7418-4.
  35. ^ a b c d e Karl DeRouen, Jr.; Uk Heo (2007). Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II. ABC-CLIO. pp. 115–117. ISBN 978-1-85109-919-1.
  36. ^ Arms trade in practice, Hrw.org, October 2000
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