Murad III

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Murad III
Ottoman Caliph
Amir al-Mu'minin
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Life-size portrait, attributed to a Spanish artist, 17th century
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Padishah)
Reign27 December 1574 – 16 January 1595
PredecessorSelim II
SuccessorMehmed III
Born4 July 1546
Manisa, Ottoman Empire
Died16 January 1595(1595-01-16) (aged 48)
Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Burial
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Consorts
  • Safiye Sultan
  • Şemsiruhsar Hatun
  • Şahihuban Hatun
  • Nazperver Hatun
  • Şahi Hatun
  • Zerefşan Hatun
  • Mihriban Hatun
Issue
Among others
Mehmed III
Ayşe Sultan
Fatma Sultan
Mihrimah Sultan
Fahri Sultan
Names
Murad bin Selim
DynastyOttoman
FatherSelim II
MotherNurbanu Sultan
ReligionSunni Islam
TughraMurad III's signature

Murad III (Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثالث, romanizedMurād-i sālis; Turkish: III. Murad; 4 July 1546 – 16 January 1595) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death in 1595. His rule saw battles with the Habsburgs and exhausting wars with the Safavids. The long-independent Morocco was for a time made a vassal of the empire but regained independence in 1582. His reign also saw the empire's expanding influence on the eastern coast of Africa. However, the empire was beset by increasing corruption and inflation from the New World which led to unrest among the Janissary and commoners. Relations with Elizabethan England were cemented during his reign as both had a common enemy in the Spanish. He was also a great patron of the arts, commissioning the Siyer-i-Nebi and other illustrated manuscripts.

Early life[edit]

Born in Manisa on 4 July 1547,[1] Şehzade Murad was the oldest son of Şehzade Selim and his powerful wife Nurbanu Sultan. He received a good education and learned the Arabic and Persian languages. After his ceremonial circumcision in 1557, Murad's grandfather, the Sultan Suleiman I, appointed him sancakbeyi (governor) of Akşehir in 1558. At the age of 18 he was appointed sancakbeyi of Saruhan. Suleiman died in 1566 when Murad was 20, and his father became the new sultan, Selim II. Selim II broke with tradition by sending only his oldest son out of the palace to govern a province, assigning Murad to Manisa.[2]: 21–22 

Reign[edit]

Selim died in 1574 and was succeeded by Murad, who began his reign by having his five younger brothers strangled.[3] His authority was undermined by harem influences – more specifically, those of his mother and later of his favorite concubine Safiye Sultan, often to the detriment of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha's influence on the court.[4] Selim's power had only been maintained by the effective leadership of the powerful Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, who remained in office until his assassination in October 1579. During Murad's reign, the northern borders with the Habsburg monarchy were defended by the Bosnian governor Hasan Predojević. The reign of Murad III was marked by exhausting wars on the empire's western and eastern fronts. The Ottomans also suffered defeats in battles such as the Battle of Sisak.

Expedition to Morocco[edit]

Abd al-Malik became a trusted member of the Ottoman establishment during his exile. He made the proposition of making Morocco an Ottoman vassal in exchange for the support of Murad III in helping him gain the Saadi throne.[5]

With an army of 10,000 men, most of whom were Turks, Ramazan Pasha and Abd al-Malik left from Algiers to install Abd al-Malik as an Ottoman vassal ruler of Morocco.[6] Ramazan Pasha conquered Fez which caused the Saadi Sultan to flee to Marrakesh which was also conquered. Abd al-Malik then assumed rule over Morocco as a client of the Ottomans.[7][5][8]

Abd al-Malik made a deal with the Ottoman troops by paying them a large amount of gold and sending them back to Algiers, suggesting a looser concept of vassalage than Murad III may have thought.[5] Murad's name was recited in the Friday prayer and stamped on coinage marking the two traditional signs of sovereignty in the Islamic world.[9] The reign of Abd al-Malik is understood to be a period of Moroccan vassalage to the Ottoman Empire.[10][11] Abd al-Malik died in 1578 and was succeeded by his brother Ahmad al-Mansur who formally recognised the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan at the start of his reign while remaining de facto independent. He stopped minting coins in Murad's name, dropped his name from the Khutba and declared his full independence in 1582.[12][13]

War with the Safavids[edit]

The Ottoman Empire reached its greatest extent in the Middle East under Murad III.

The Ottomans had been at peace with the neighbouring rivaling Safavid Empire since 1555, per the Treaty of Amasya, that for some time had settled border disputes. But in 1577 Murad declared war, starting the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590), seeking to take advantage of the chaos in the Safavid court after the death of Shah Tahmasp I. Murad was influenced by viziers Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha and Sinan Pasha and disregarded the opposing counsel of Grand Vizier Sokollu. Murad also fought the Safavids which would drag on for 12 years, ending with the Treaty of Constantinople (1590), which resulted in temporary significant territorial gains for the Ottomans.[2]: 198–199 

Ottoman activity in the Horn of Africa[edit]

During his reign, an Ottoman Admiral by the name of Mir Ali Beg was successful in establishing Ottoman supremacy in numerous cities in the Swahili coast between Mogadishu and Kilwa.[14] Ottoman suzerainty was recognised in Mogadishu in 1585 and Ottoman supremacy was also established in other cities such as Barawa, Mombasa, Kilifi, Pate, Lamu, and Faza.[15][16]

Financial affairs[edit]

Murad's reign was a time of financial stress for the Ottoman state. To keep up with changing military techniques, the Ottomans trained infantrymen in the use of firearms, paying them directly from the treasury. By 1580 an influx of silver from the New World had caused high inflation and social unrest, especially among Janissaries and government officials who were paid in debased currency. Deprivation from the resulting rebellions, coupled with the pressure of over-population, was especially felt in Anatolia.[2]: 24  Competition for positions within the government grew fierce, leading to bribery and corruption. Ottoman and Habsburg sources accuse Murad himself of accepting enormous bribes, including 20,000 ducats from a statesman in exchange for the governorship of Tripoli and Tunisia, thus outbidding a rival who had tried bribing the Grand Vizier.[2]: 35 

During his period, excessive inflation was experienced, the value of silver money was constantly played, food prices increased. 400 dirhams should be cut from 600 dirhams of silver, while 800 was cut, which meant 100 percent inflation. For the same reason, the purchasing power of wage earners was halved, and the consequence was an uprising.[17]

English pact[edit]

Numerous envoys and letters were exchanged between Elizabeth I and Sultan Murad III.[18]: 39  In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that Islam and Protestantism had "much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire.[18]: 40  To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and ammunition to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.[18]: 41  This diplomacy would be continued under Murad's successor Mehmed III, by both the sultan and Safiye Sultan alike.

Personal life[edit]

Palace life[edit]

Following the example of his father Selim II, Murad was the second Ottoman sultan who never went on campaign during his reign, instead spending it entirely in Constantinople. During the final years of his reign, he did not even leave Topkapı Palace. For two consecutive years, he did not attend the Friday procession to the imperial mosque—an unprecedented breaking of custom. The Ottoman historian Mustafa Selaniki wrote that whenever Murad planned to go out to Friday prayer, he changed his mind after hearing of alleged plots by the Janissaries to dethrone him once he left the palace.[19] Murad withdrew from his subjects and spent the majority of his reign keeping to the company of few people and abiding by a daily routine structured by the five daily Islamic prayers. Murad's personal physician Domenico Hierosolimitano described a typical day in the life of the sultan:

In the morning he rises at dawn to say his prayer for half an hour, then for another half-hour he writes. Then he is given something pleasant as a collation, and afterwards sets himself to read for another hour. Then he begins to give audience to the members of the Divan on the four days of the week that this occurs, as had been said above. Then he goes for a walk through the garden, taking pleasure in the delight of fountains and animals for another hour, taking with him the dwarves, buffoons and others to entertain him. Then he goes back once again to studying until he considers the time for lunch has arrived. He stays at table only half an hour, and rises (to go) once again into the garden for as long as he pleases. Then he goes to say his midday prayer. Then he stops to pass the time and amuse himself with the women, and he will stay one or two hours with them, when it is time to say the evening prayer. Then he returns to his apartments or, if it pleases him more, he stays in the garden reading or passing the time until evening with the dwarfs and buffoons, and then he returns to say his prayers, that is at nightfall. Then he dines and takes more time over dinner than over lunch, making conversation until two hours after dark, until it is time for prayer [...] He never fails to observe this schedule every day.[2]: 29–30 

Özgen Felek argues that Murad's sedentary lifestyle and lack of participation in military campaigns earned him the disapproval of Mustafa Âlî and Mustafa Selaniki, the major Ottoman historians who lived during his reign. Their negative portrayals of Murad influenced later historians.[2]: 17–19 

Children[edit]

Before becoming sultan, Murad had been loyal to Safiye Sultan, his Albanian concubine. His monogamy was disapproved of by Nurbanu Sultan, who worried that Murad needed more sons to succeed him in case Mehmed died young. She also worried about Safiye's influence over her son and the Ottoman dynasty. Five or six years after his accession to the throne, Murad was given a pair of concubines by his sister Ismihan. Upon attempting sexual intercourse with them, he proved impotent. "The arrow [of Murad], [despite] keeping with his created nature, for many times [and] for many days has been unable to reach at the target of union and pleasure," wrote Mustafa Ali. Nurbanu accused Safiye and her retainers of causing Murad's impotence with witchcraft. Several of Safiye's servants were tortured by eunuchs in order to discover a culprit. Court physicians, working under Nurbanu's orders, eventually prepared a successful cure, but a side effect was a drastic increase in sexual appetite; by the time Murad died, he was said to have fathered over a hundred children.[2]: 31–32  Nineteen of these were executed by Mehmed III when he became sultan.

Women at court[edit]

Influential ladies of his court included his mother Nurbanu Sultan, his sister Ismihan Sultan, wife of grand vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, and musahibes (favourites) mistress of the housekeeper Canfeda Hatun, mistress of financial affairs Raziye Hatun, and the poet Hubbi Hatun, Finally, after the death of his mother and older sister, Safiye Sultan was the only influential woman in the court.[20][21]

Eunuchs at court[edit]

Before Murad, the palace eunuchs had been mostly white, especially Circassians or Syrians.[22] This began to change in 1582 when Murad gave an important position to a black eunuch.[23] Before, the eunuchs' roles in the palace were racially determined: black eunuchs guarded the harem and the princesses, and white eunuchs guarded the Sultan and male pages in another part of the palace.[24] The chief black eunuch was known as the Kizlar Agha, and the chief white eunuch was known as the Kapi Agha.

Murad and the arts[edit]

Miniature painting of a parade of two riding Gazi (veterans from Rumelia) in front of Sultan Murat III (from the Surname-i hümayun, 16th century)

Murad took great interest in the arts, particularly miniatures and books. He actively supported the court of Society of Miniaturists, commissioning several volumes including the Siyer-i Nebi, the most heavily illustrated biographical work on the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the Book of Skills, the Book of Festivities and the Book of Victories.[25] He had two large alabaster urns transported from Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave in the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and a large wax candle dressed in tin which was donated by him to the Rila monastery in Bulgaria is on display in the monastery museum.

Murad also furnished the content of Kitabü’l-Menamat (The Book of Dreams), addressed to Murad's spiritual advisor, Şüca Dede. A collection of first person accounts, it tells of Murad's spiritual experiences as a Sufi disciple. Compiled from thousands of letters Murad wrote describing his dream visions, it presents a hagiographic self-portrait. Murad dreams of various activities, including being stripped naked by his father and having to sit on his lap,[2]: 72  single-handedly killing 12,000 infidels in battle,[2]: 99  walking on water, ascending to heaven, and producing milk from his fingers.[2]: 143 

In another letter addressed to Şüca Dede, Murad wrote "I wish that God, may He be glorified and exalted, had not created this poor servant as the descendant of the Ottomans so that I would not hear this and that, and would not worry. I wish I were of unknown pedigree. Then, I would have one single task, and could ignore the whole world."[2]: 171 

The diplomatic edition of these dream letters have been recently published by Ozgen Felek in Turkish.

Death[edit]

Murad died from what is assumed to be natural causes in the Topkapı Palace on 16 January 1595 and was buried in a tomb next to the Hagia Sophia. In the mausoleum are 54 sarcophagus of the sultan, his wives and children that are also buried there. He is also responsible for changing the burial customs of the sultans' mothers. Murad had his mother Nurbanu buried next to her husband Selim II, making her the first consort to share a sultan's tomb.[2]: 33–34 

Family[edit]

Consorts[edit]

Murad's first concubine was Safiye Sultan, an ethnic Albanian. She was the mother of Sultan Mehmed III, Şehzade Mahmud, Ayşe Sultan and Fatma Sultan.[26] For many years Murad was in monogamous relationship with her. His mother, Nurbanu, primarily sought to dissuade her son from his monogamous relationship with Safiye, due to the crucial need for him to produce heirs. This was driven by concerns about the young prince's potential death in the face of frequent epidemics and the untested ability of Murad to have offspring. Despite Nurbanu's unsuccessful attempts with other concubines, it was only when Murad's sister, Ismihan Sultan, presented him with two concubines in the early 1580s, each skilled at dance and musical performance, that he expanded his progeny.[26]

Another of his concubines was Şemsiruhsar Hatun. She was the mother of Rukiye Sultan. She commissioned Koranic readings of prayers in the Prophet's mosque in Medina.[27] Another concubine was Şahıhuban Hatun.[27] She commissioned a school in Fatih, where she is buried.[28] Another concubine was Nazperver Hatun.[27][29] She commissioned a mosque in Eyüp.[30] Another concubine died in August 1591, along with their son simultaneously and were interred together.[31] Some other concubines were Şahi Hatun, Zerefşan Hatun[27] and Mihriban Hatun.[29] According to German Lutheran theologian Stephan Gerlach, who lived in Constantinople between 1573 and 1578, one of Murad's concubines was the daughter of Peter the Lame, prince of Moldavia.[32] By 1592, Murad had at least thirty-five concubines.[27] In 1595, after his death, seven of his pregnant concubines were placed in sacks and tossed into the Sea of Marmara, where they drowned.[33] However, according to Chronicler Mustafa Selaniki these concubines were sent to the Old Palace.[34] His other concubines were married off to palace officials, such as door keepers, cavalry forces (bölük halkı), and sergeants (çavus).[35]

Sons[edit]

Murad III had at least 24 known sons:

  • Sultan Mehmed III (26 May 1566, Manisa Palace, Manisa – 22 December 1603, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Mehmed III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque, Constantinople), with Safiye Sultan, he became the next sultan.
  • Şehzade Selim (1567, Manisa Palace, Manisa – before 1580, buried in Selim II Mausoleum, Hagia Sofia Mosque); with Safiye Sultan.
  • Şehzade Mahmud (1568, Manisa Palace, Manisa – before 1580, buried in Selim II Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque); with Safiye Sultan.
  • Şehzade Cihangir (February 1585, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - August 1585, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque); twin of Şehzade Suleyman.
  • Şehzade Süleyman (February 1585, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - 1585, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque); twin of Şehzade Cihangir.
  • Şehzade Abdullah (1585, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Mustafa (1585, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Abdurrahman (1585, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Bayezid (1586, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Hassan (1586, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - died 1591, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Cihangir (1587, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Yakub (1587, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Ahmed (?, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - before 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Aladdin (?, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Davud (?, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Alemşah (?, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Ali (?, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Hüseyin (?, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Ishak (?, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Murad (?, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Osman (?, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - died 1587, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Yusuf (?, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Korkud (?, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).
  • Şehzade Ömer (?, Topkapi Palace, Constantinople - murdered 28 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque).

Daughters[edit]

Murad had at least twenty-seven daughters known to be still alive at his death in 1595.[35] Between seventeen[36] and nineteen of them died of plague in 1598.[37] One of Murad's daughters died young on 29 July 1585, and was buried in Hagia Sophia.[34] In 1590, Murad betrothed two of his daughters. The one described as beautiful was betrothed to the governor of Rumelia, and the other described as having a humpback was betrothed to Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha.[38] Known daughters of Murad are:

  • Ayşe Sultan (died 1605, buried in her brother's mausoleum in Hagia Sophia), married firstly in 1586 to Damat Ibrahim Pasha, married secondly in 1602 to Yemişçi Hasan Pasha, married thirdly in 1604 to Güzelce Mahmud Pasha;[39]
  • Fatma Sultan (died fl. 1604, buried in her father's mausoleum in Hagia Sophia), married firstly in 1593 to Halil Pasha, married secondly in 1604 to Hizir Pasha;[39]
  • Hümaşah Sultan[40] (died fl. 1648[41]: 168 ), married in c. 1606 to Nakkaş Hasan Pasha[39][41][42] (died 1622);[43]
  • Mihrimah Sultan (buried in her father's mausoleum in Hagia Sophia[44]), married firstly on 2 March 1613 to Çuhadar Ahmed Pasha,[45][46]: 707  governor of Rumelia,[39][45] married secondly to Grand vizier Çerkes Mehmed Pasha;[39]
  • A daughter married to Davud Pasha;[47]
  • A daughter married in 1613 to Kücük Mirahur Mehmed Agha;[39][48]
  • A daughter married in 1613 to Mirahur-i Evvel Muslu Agha;[39][48]
  • A daughter married in 1613 to Bostancıbaşı Hasan Agha;[39][48]
  • A daughter married in 1613 to Cığalazade Mehmed Bey;[39][48]
  • Beyhan Sultan (died fl. 1648[41]: 168 ), married in 1613 to Vizier Kurşuncuzade Mustafa Pasha;[39][48][49][41]: 168 
  • Saime Sultan[50] (died fl. 1670[41]: 168 ), married in 1613 to Topal Mehmed Pasha, formerly a Kapucıbaşı;[39][48][47][49][41]: 168 
  • Hatice Sultan (died fl. 1648,[41]: 168  probably buried in her own mausoleum in Şehzade Mosque[51]), married in 1613 to Mehmed Pasha, governor of Kefe;[39][48][49][41]: 168 
  • Fahri Sultan[50][41]: 168  (died c. 1679,[41]: 168  buried in her father's mausoleum in Hagia Sophia[44]), married firstly to Sofu Bayram Pasha[49][41]: 168  (died 1632),[52] married secondly to Deli Dilaver Pasha (died 1668);[41]: 168 [53][50]
  • Rukiye Sultan;[27]

In fiction[edit]

  • Murad is portrayed by the Romanian actor Colea Rautu in the historic epic film Michael the Brave.
  • Orhan Pamuk's historical novel Benim Adım Kırmızı (My Name is Red, 1998) takes place at the court of Murad III, during nine snowy winter days of 1591, which the writer uses in order to convey the tension between East and West. Murad is not specifically named in the book, and is referred to only as "Our Sultan".
  • The Harem Midwife by Roberta Rich - a historical fiction set in Constantinople (1578) which follows Hannah, a midwife, who tends to many of the women in Sultan Murad III's harem.
  • In the 2011 TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl, Murad III is portrayed by Turkish actor Serhan Onat.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Murad III". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Felek, Özgen. (2010). Re-creating image and identity: Dreams and visions as a means of Murad III's self-fashioning. PhD Thesis. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor: ProQuest/UMI. (Publication No. 3441203).
  3. ^ Marriott, John Arthur. The Eastern Question (Clarendon Press, 1917), 96.
  4. ^ "Murad III | Ottoman sultan". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
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  7. ^ ‎هيسبريس تمودا‫ Volume 29, Issue 1 Editions techniques nord-africaines, 1991
  8. ^ Hess, Andrew (1978). The Forgotten Frontier : A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-33031-0
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  13. ^ A Struggle for the Sahara:Idrīs ibn ‘Alī’s Embassy toAḥmad al-Manṣūr in the Context ofBorno-Morocco-Ottoman Relations, 1577-1583 Rémi Dewière Université de Paris Panthéon Sorbonne
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  21. ^ Petruccioli, Attilio (1997). Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires: Theory and Design. E. J. Brill. p. 50. ISBN 978-90-04-10723-6.
  22. ^ Von Schierbrand, Wolf (28 March 1886). "Salve Sold to the Turk" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  23. ^ Gamm, Niki (25 May 2013). "The black eunuchs and the Ottoman dynasty". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  24. ^ Booth, Marilyn (2010). Harem Histories: Envisioning Places and Living Spaces. Duke University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-8223-4869-6.
  25. ^ Pamuk, Orhan. My Name is Red, Alfred A. Knopf, 2010. ISBN 978-0-307-59392-4
  26. ^ a b Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). The imperial harem : women and sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York. pp. 94–95, 259. ISBN 0-19-507673-7. OCLC 27811454.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  27. ^ a b c d e f Altun, Mustafa (2019). Yüzyıl Dönümünde Bir Valide Sultan: Safiye Sultan'ın Hayatı ve Eserleri. pp. 20–21.
  28. ^ Doğanay, A. (2009). Osmanlı tezyinatı: klasik devir İstanbul hanedan türbeleri, 1522-1604. Klasik (Series). Klasik. p. 437. ISBN 978-975-8740-74-1.
  29. ^ a b Davis, F. (1986). The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718 to 1918. Contributions in Women's Studies. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-313-24811-5.
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External links[edit]

Media related to Murad III at Wikimedia Commons

Murad III
Born: 4 July 1546 Died: 15 January 1595[aged 48]
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
12 December 1574 – 15 January 1595
Succeeded by
Sunni Islam titles
Preceded by Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate
12 December 1574 – 15 January 1595
Succeeded by