Nabratein synagogue

Nabratein synagogue
בית כנסת נבוריה
	Shown within Israel
Location	Israel
Coordinates	32°59′31″N 35°31′00″E / 32.991892°N 35.516739°E
History
Material	Stone
Founded	2nd century-6th century

The Nabratein synagogue (Hebrew: נבוריה) is an ancient synagogue and archaeological site in the Upper Galilee region of the Northern District of Israel, located in a pine forest northeast of Safed.^[1]

Background[edit]

Naburiya was a Jewish village in the Galilee region of the Kingdom of Israel during the First and Second Temple periods. Neburaya, identical with Nabratein, is located north of Safed and is the place where Eleazar of Modi'im and Jacob of Kfar Neburaya, a compiler of the Haggadah, are buried.^[2]^[3]

Mishnaic scholar, R. Eleazar ha-Moda'i, is said to have been buried in Nabratein.^[4]^[5]

History and architecture[edit]

The excavated remains of the Naburiya synagogue indicate that it is one of the oldest in the Galilee. The original synagogue was enlarged during the third century and destroyed in the Galilee earthquake of 363.

The final, and much larger, synagogue building was constructed in the late 6th century reusing stones from the earlier building.^[6] The year of its construction is known from the inscription over the main door: “Built four hundred and ninety four years after the destruction of the Temple under the leadership of Hanina ben Lizar and Luliana bar Yuden.”^[a]^[7] The lintel is now displayed at the Israel Museum.^[7]

The building stood until 640 CE.^[8]

Surveys, excavations and reconstruction[edit]

When Lieut. Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund visited the site in 1877, he found the remains of the synagogue completely leveled to the ground and its columns fallen, along with a lintel of the main entrance.^[9]

The façade was partially reconstructed by the Jewish National Fund and the Israel Antiquities Authority.^[8]

Artistic legacy[edit]

The seven-branched Menorah surrounded by a wreath over the door of the Henry S. Frank Memorial Synagogue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is copied from the Nabratein synagogue.^[10]

Gallery[edit]

Lintel inscribed with menorah
Lintel of Torah Ark - Nabratein Synagogue. Rockefeller Museum

Footnotes[edit]

^ In Hebrew: “למספר ארבע מאות ותישעים וארבע שנה לחרבן הבית ניבנה בסרר חנינה בן ליזר ולוליאנא בר יודן”

References[edit]

^ Eric M. Meyers and Carol Meyers, "Excavations at Ancient Nabratein: Synagogue and Environs," Meiron Excavation Project Reports - MEPR 6, Eisenbrauns, 2009.
^ Gottfried Reeg, Die Ortsnamen Israels nach der rabbinischen Literatur, L. Reichert: Wiesbaden 1989, p. 352 (in German)
^ Jacob of Kefar Neburaya
^ Ḥadad, David (2005). Sefer Ma'asei Avoth (in Hebrew). Beer-Sheva. p. (Appendix). OCLC 74311775.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Levi-Naḥum, Yehuda (1986). Sefer ṣohar le-ḥasifat ginzei teiman (in Hebrew). Ḥolon, Israel: Mifʻal ḥaśifat ginze Teman. p. 252. OCLC 15417732., chapter: Tombs of the forefathers and righteous [3]
^ Second Preliminary Report on the 1981 Excavations at en-Nabratein, Israel, Eric M. Meyers, James F. Strange and Carol L. Meyers, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 246 (Spring, 1982), pp. 35-54
^ ^a ^b "XLIV. Kefar Nevoraia", Volume 5/Part 1 Galilaea and Northern Regions: 5876-6924, De Gruyter, pp. 237–239, 2023-03-20, doi:10.1515/9783110715774-052, ISBN 978-3-11-071577-4, retrieved 2024-04-11
^ ^a ^b Naburiya Synagogue
^ Page 243 in: Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
^ Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman world: toward a new Jewish archaeology, Steven Fine, Cambridge University Press, 2005, Chapter 1, Building an Ancient Synagogue on the Delaware, pp. 12-21

[7] In Hebrew: “למספר ארבע מאות ותישעים וארבע שנה לחרבן הבית ניבנה בסרר חנינה בן ליזר ולוליאנא בר יודן”

[1] Eric M. Meyers and Carol Meyers, "Excavations at Ancient Nabratein: Synagogue and Environs," Meiron Excavation Project Reports - MEPR 6, Eisenbrauns, 2009.

[2] Gottfried Reeg, Die Ortsnamen Israels nach der rabbinischen Literatur, L. Reichert: Wiesbaden 1989, p. 352 (in German)

[3] Jacob of Kefar Neburaya

[4] Ḥadad, David (2005). Sefer Ma'asei Avoth (in Hebrew). Beer-Sheva. p. (Appendix). OCLC 74311775.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[5] Levi-Naḥum, Yehuda (1986). Sefer ṣohar le-ḥasifat ginzei teiman (in Hebrew). Ḥolon, Israel: Mifʻal ḥaśifat ginze Teman. p. 252. OCLC 15417732., chapter: Tombs of the forefathers and righteous [3]

[6] Second Preliminary Report on the 1981 Excavations at en-Nabratein, Israel, Eric M. Meyers, James F. Strange and Carol L. Meyers, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 246 (Spring, 1982), pp. 35-54

[:1-8] "XLIV. Kefar Nevoraia", Volume 5/Part 1 Galilaea and Northern Regions: 5876-6924, De Gruyter, pp. 237–239, 2023-03-20, doi:10.1515/9783110715774-052, ISBN 978-3-11-071577-4, retrieved 2024-04-11

[:0-9] Naburiya Synagogue

[10] Page 243 in: Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

[11] Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman world: toward a new Jewish archaeology, Steven Fine, Cambridge University Press, 2005, Chapter 1, Building an Ancient Synagogue on the Delaware, pp. 12-21

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