Salaverry-Santa Cruz War

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Salaverry-Santa Cruz War

Map of the Bolivian campaign in Cuzco and Arequipa during the conflict.
Date1835–1836
Location
Peru
Result

Victory of President Orbegoso

Belligerents

Pro-Confederation:
Orbegosistas
Santa Crucistas

Supported by:
British Empire
France France
Brazil
Republic of Iquicha
Chile Pipiolos

Anti-Confederation:
Salaverristas
Gamarristas Supported by:

Argentine Confederation Argentina
Chile Chile
Spain Spain
Conservatives
Commanders and leaders
Luis Jose de Orbegoso
Andres de Santa Cruz
José Miguel de Velasco Franco
José Trinidad Morán
Anselmo Quiroz
Francisco Anglada
Blas Cerdeña
José Ballivián
Otto Philipp Braun
Francisco Burdett O'Connor
Felipe Santiago Salaverry  Executed
José Quiroga
Juan Bautista Eléspuru
Juan Pablo Fernandini
Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
Manuel de Mendiburu
Carlos García del Postigo
Agustín Gamarra
Strength
5,000 3,500 (Salaverry's forces)
12,000 (Gamarra's forces)

The Salaverry-Santa Cruz War, sometimes called the Peruvian Civil War of 1835–1836, was an internal conflict in Peru with the involvement of the Bolivian army of Andres de Santa Cruz. It ended with the defeat and execution of Felipe Santiago Salaverry and the creation of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.

Context[edit]

In 1834, a civil war had been fought between Pedro Pablo Bermúdez and Agustín Gamarra on the one hand against Luis José de Orbegoso and Felipe Salaverry on the other hand. The war was won by the constitutional President Luis José de Orbegoso.

In 1835, while President Luis Orbegoso was travelling to the south, his former ally General Felipe Salaverry proclaimed himself Supreme Head of the Republic on 23 February 1835, deposing Orbegoso. Orbegoso fled to Bolivia and asked Andrés de Santa Cruz, president of Bolivia, for his support to overthrow the Salaverry government.
Santa Cruz was alarmed by Salaverry's coup, who also received the support of his former enemy General Agustín Gamarra. Santa Cruz agreed to invade Peru to overthrow them, since Orbegoso would not be able to confront Salaverry and Gamarra alone.

The War[edit]

There were 4 major battles in this war:

  • The Battle of Yanacocha (13 August 1835), , where Santa Cruz defeated Agustín Gamarra and Santa Cruz's army lost 211 men and 71 wounded, while Gamarra's army lost 400 men and 985 taken prisoner.
  • At Cobija on 24 September, where Felipe Salaverry conquered the Bolivian port.
  • The Battle of Uchumayo (Arequipa) on 4 February 1836, where Salaverry defeated Santa Cruz and Santa Cruz's army lost 315 men.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
  • At Socabaya (Arequipa) on 7 February 1836, where Santa Cruz defeated Salaverry in one of the bloodiest battles in the history of Peru. In this battle Salaverry, self-proclaimed President of Peru, was taken prisoner and shot in the plaza of Arequipa.[9]

Consequences[edit]

After the civil war was won, Santa Cruz and Orbegoso merged their two countries into the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. This alarmed neighboring countries Chile and Argentina and led to the War of the Confederation and Tarija War. After defeat in War of the Confederation and growing internal resistance by Conservative factions in Peru, the Peru–Bolivian Confederation was dissolved in 1839.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Basadre 1998, p. 299.
  2. ^ Luis S. Crespo (24 de agosto de 2011). "Batalla de Yanacocha". El Diario. Consultado el 24 de marzo de 2012. Del ejército de Gamarra, 8.000 eran indios armados de hondas y palos.
  3. ^ Basadre, Jorge (1961). Historia de la República del Perú. Tomo I. Lima: Ediciones Historia, pp. 304. En 1828 a la espera de firmarse un tratado de paz se estimaba que el ejército peruano era de unos 8.000 hombres y su contraparte boliviano de 4.000, ambos de firmar deberían reducirse a la mitad.
    Basadre, Jorge (2002) [1929]. La iniciación de la república: contribución al estudio de la evolución política y social del Perú. Tomo I. Lima: UNMSM, pp. 205. ISBN 978-9972-46-196-5. Finalmente, según el Tratado de Tiquina (25 de agosto de 1831) Perú y Bolivia acordaron reducirlos a 5.000 y 3.000 hombres respectivamente, aunque cuando el 8 de noviembre en Arequipa acordaron dejarlos en solo 3.000 y 1.600 unidades.
  4. ^ Manuel Bilbao (1867). Historia de Salaverry. Buenos Aires: Imp. "Buenos Aires", pp. 295
  5. ^ Jorge Basadre. Salaverry nombro a esta campaña "nueva guerra de independencia del Perú"
  6. ^ Historia del General Salaverry
  7. ^ Santa Cruz el Condor indio
  8. ^ Convenio celebrado entre los generales Salaverry y Gamarra
  9. ^ El Bibliote

Bibliography[edit]