Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt

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Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt
1649 BC–1582 BC
The political situation in Egypt during the existence of the 16th Dynasty from c. 1650 until c. 1590 BC.
The political situation in Egypt during the existence of the 16th Dynasty from c. 1650 until c. 1590 BC.
CapitalThebes
Common languagesEgyptian language
Religion
ancient Egyptian religion
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
Historical eraBronze Age
• Established
1649 BC
• Disestablished
1582 BC
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Sixteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XVI)[1] was a dynasty of pharaohs that ruled the Theban region in Upper Egypt[2] for 70 years.[3]

This dynasty, together with the 15th and 17th dynasties, are often combined under the group title, Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650–1550 BC), a period that saw the division of Upper and Lower Egypt between the pharaohs at Thebes and the Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty based at Avaris.

Identification[edit]

Of the two chief versions of Manetho's Aegyptiaca, the Sixteenth Dynasty is described by the more reliable[4] Africanus (supported by Syncellus)[5] as "shepherd [hyksos] kings", but by Eusebius as Theban.[4]

Ryholt (1997), followed by Bourriau (2003), in reconstructing the Turin canon, interpreted a list of Thebes-based kings to constitute Manetho's Sixteenth Dynasty, although this is one of Ryholt's "most debatable and far-reaching" conclusions.[4] For this reason other scholars do not follow Ryholt and see only insufficient evidence for the interpretation of the Sixteenth Dynasty as Theban.[6]

History[edit]

The continuing war against 15th Dynasty dominated the short-lived 16th Dynasty. The armies of the 15th Dynasty, winning town after town from their southern enemies, continually encroached on the 16th Dynasty territory, eventually threatening and then conquering Thebes itself. In his study of the Second Intermediate Period, the Egyptologist Kim Ryholt has suggested that Dedumose I sued for a truce in the latter years of the dynasty,[3] but one of his predecessors, Nebiryraw I, may have been more successful and seems to have enjoyed a period of peace in his reign.[3]

Famine, which had plagued Upper Egypt during the late 13th Dynasty and the 14th Dynasty, also blighted the 16th Dynasty, most evidently during and after the reign of Neferhotep III.[3]

Kings[edit]

Various chronological orderings and lists of kings have been proposed by scholars for this dynasty. These lists fall broadly in two categories: those assuming that the 16th Dynasty comprised vassals of the Hyksos, as advocated by Jürgen von Beckerath and Wolfgang Helck; and those assuming that the 16th Dynasty was an independent Theban kingdom, as recently proposed by Kim Ryholt.

Vassals of the Hyksos[edit]

The traditional list of rulers of the 16th Dynasty regroups kings believed to be vassals of the Hyksos, some of which have semitic names such as Semqen and Anat-her. The list of kings differs from scholar to scholar and it is here given as per Jürgen von Beckerath's Dynasty XV/XVI in his Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen.[7] Wolfgang Helck, who also believes that the 16th Dynasty was an Hyksos vassal state, proposed a slightly different list of kings.[8] Many of the rulers listed here in the 16th Dynasty under the hypothesis that they were vassals of the Hyksos are put in the 14th Dynasty in the hypothesis that the 16th Dynasty was an independent Theban kingdom. The chronological ordering is largely uncertain.

Dynasty XV/XVI as vassals of the Hyksos[7]
Name of king Dates Comments
Possibly a prince of the 15th Dynasty or a Canaanite chieftain contemporary with the 12th Dynasty
May belong to the early 15th Dynasty
May belong to the early 15th Dynasty
May belong to the early 15th Dynasty
Apepi
May be identical with the Hyksos ruler Apepi
May belong to the early 14th Dynasty
May belong to the late 14th Dynasty
May belong to the 17th Dynasty
May be the same person as 'Ammu
Kingship contested
Kingship contested
[...]kare
[...]kare
[...]kare
May belong to the 15th Dynasty, only attested in later sources
May belong to the 14th Dynasty
Possibly Qareh, may belong to the 14th Dynasty
Likely to be Sheneh rather than Shenes and may belong to the 14th Dynasty
'A[...]
Hibe
Aped
Reading is uncertain
Hapi
Meni[...]

Independent Theban Kingdom[edit]

In his 1997 study of the Second Intermediate Period, the Danish Egyptologist Kim Ryholt argues that the 16th Dynasty was an independent Theban kingdom. From Ryholt's reconstruction of the Turin canon, 15 kings can be associated to the dynasty, several of whom are attested by contemporary sources.[2] While most likely rulers based in Thebes itself, some may have been local rulers from other important Upper Egyptian towns, including Abydos, El Kab and Edfu.[2] By the reign of Nebiriau I, the realm controlled by the 16th Dynasty extended at least as far north as Hu and south to Edfu.[3][9] Not listed in the Turin canon (after Ryholt) is Wepwawetemsaf, who left a stele at Abydos and was likely a local kinglet of the Abydos Dynasty.[2]

Ryholt gives the list of kings of the 16th Dynasty as shown in the table below.[10] Others, such as Helck, Vandersleyen, Bennett combine some of these rulers with the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt.[11] The list of rulers is given here as per Kim Ryholt and is supposedly in chronological order:

Dynasty XVI as an independent Theban kingdom[12]
Name of king Image Dates Comments
Unknown
1649–1648 BC
Name lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon
1648–1645 BC
1645–1629 BC
1629–1628 BC
1628–1627 BC
1627–1601 BC
1601 BC
1601–1600 BC
1600–1588 BC
1588 BC
Unknown
1588–1582 BC
Five kings lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon

Additional kings are classified as belonging to this dynasty per Kim Ryholt but their chronological position is uncertain. They may correspond to the last five lost kings on the Turin canon:[13]

Dynasty XVI as an independent Theban kingdom (uncertain order)
Name of king Image Dates Comments
May have tried to sue the Hyksos for peace
Left a colossal statue of himself in Karnak[14]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Kuhrt 1995: 118
  2. ^ a b c d Bourriau 2003: 191
  3. ^ a b c d e Ryholt 1997: 305
  4. ^ a b c Bourriau 2003: 179
  5. ^ Cory 1876
  6. ^ see for example, Quirke, in Maree: The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth - Seventeenth Dynasties, Current Research, Future Prospects, Leuven 2011, Paris — Walpole, MA. ISBN 978-9042922280, p. 56, n. 6
  7. ^ a b Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6
  8. ^ Wolfgang Helck, Eberhard Otto, Wolfhart Westendorf, Stele - Zypresse: Volume 6 of Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1986, Page 1383
  9. ^ Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, pp. 256-257
  10. ^ Kings of the Second Intermediate Period 16th dynasty (after Ryholt 1997)
  11. ^ Chris Bennet, A Genealogical Chronology of the Seventeenth Dynasty, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 39 (2002), pp. 123-155
  12. ^ Kim Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800 - 1550 BC, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, ISBN 8772894210, 1997.
  13. ^ Kim Ryholt's 16th dynasty on Digital Egypt for Universities
  14. ^ Georges Legrain: Statues et statuettes de rois et de particuliers, in Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire, Le Caire, 1906. I, 171 pp., 79 pls, available copyright-free online, published in 1906, see p. 18 and p. 109

Bibliography[edit]

Preceded by Dynasty of Egypt
1649–1582 BC
Succeeded by