A luta continua
A luta continua (in English: the struggle continues) was the rallying cry of the FRELIMO movement during Mozambique's war for independence. The phrase is in the Portuguese language (the official language of the former Portuguese colony) a slogan coined by the first president of FRELIMO, Dr. Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, which he used to rally the population in the liberated zones of Mozambique during the armed struggle against Portuguese colonial rule.[1] Following his assassination in 1969, his successor, Samora Machel, continued to use the slogan to cultivate popular support during post-independence to mobilize the population for a new Mozambique which Mondlane defined as "We fight together, and together we rebuild and we recreate our country, producing a new reality - a New Mozambique, United and Freed. The struggle continues!"[2]
Machel became the first president of an independent Mozambique in 1975 and continued to use the phrase a luta continua as an unofficial national motto. Posters bearing the phrase can still be found on the walls of Maputo, the nation's capital.[3][4]
Use by activist movements[edit]
The phrase appeared on T-shirts worn by LGBT rights activists at the funeral of David Kato in Uganda in 2011.[5][6] It has also been adopted by Uganda opposition leader Bobi Wine.[7]
A luta continua is also widely used in Nigeria by students and activists. Protests, riots, and other actions to demand for the rights of Nigerian students are termed as "Aluta". It is the motto of the all-Nigerian Students Union across all academic institutions of higher education. It is generally given in full: "A luta continua; vitória é certa", meaning "The struggle continues; victory is certain".
Increased usage of the term has also been noted during the 2016 South African Fees Must Fall protests.
Internationally, the phrase has also been used by human rights activists in Indonesia who demanded action from government for unresolved cases of human rights violation. The phrase gained traction especially after the 2019 Indonesian protests and riots.[8][9]
Use in popular media[edit]
The phrase has been used as the title of a 1971 film on the struggle for Mozambican independence.[10] It is also the title of a Mozambique-inspired song popularized by South African singer Miriam Makeba and written for her by her daughter Bongi after she attended the independence ceremony of Mozambique in 1975[11][12] and then released on the album Welela in 1989.[13]
In addition, the phrase appears at the end of the credits to four films by American director Jonathan Demme:
- Philadelphia (1993)
- The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
- Married to the Mob (1988)
- Something Wild (1986)
A man can be seen holding a sign with 'A Luta Continua' on the Reading Central Club's black culture mural in Reading, Berkshire.[14]
References[edit]
- ^ Silva, Nilce Da (2009). "Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane no século XXI e a luta continua!". Acolhendo a Alfabetização Nos Países de Língua Portuguesa. 3 (6). doi:10.11606/issn.1980-7686.v3i6p14-68.
- ^ "Mozambique celebrates costly freedom" BBC News
- ^ “Mozambique rethinking its dreams” New York Times
- ^ Mozambique
- ^ "David Kato funeral: Uganda priest berates gays". BBC. Jan 28, 2011.
- ^ "The Funeral of David Kato: How Uganda's Leading Gay Activist Was Laid to Rest". Slate. 26 January 2015.
- ^ @HEBobiwine (February 12, 2021). "I dedicate the next phase of my life to continue fighting these injustices. Aluta continua.#WeAreRemovingADictator" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "Ananda Badudu Ditangkap, Rara Sekar Eks Banda Neira Bikin Petisi Bebaskan Ananda Badudu" (in Indonesian). Tribun Ternate. 27 September 2019.
- ^ "A Luta Continua: Playlist untuk Suarakan Keresahanmu" (in Indonesian). Kumparan. 24 September 2019.
- ^ “A luta continua” AllAfrica.com
- ^ "A Luta Continua on VARA television, 1979"
- ^ “Mama Africa” Weekly Al-Ahram Archived May 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "New York Times Review"
- ^ "Pledge to keep Reading Central Club's black culture mural". BBC News. 21 August 2017.
External links[edit]
- The African Activist Archive Project website includes the 1972 movie A Luta Continua about the liberation struggle in Mozambique against Portuguese colonial rule led by the liberation organization FRELIMO.