Adad-Nirari of Nuhašše

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Adad-Nirari or Addu-Nirari was a king of Nuhašše in the 14th century BC. His identity and succession order is debated as well as the extent of his kingdom which might have included Qatna. Adad-Nirari engaged in a military struggle again the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I, asking Egypt for help and invading the kingdom of Ugarit, a Hittite vassal. Those actions prompted Šuppiluliuma to invade the region and relive Ugarit. Adad-Nirari's fate is unknown as he disappeared from records.

Reign and wars[edit]

Adad-Nirari is known through two documents; the letter codenamed (EA 51) sent by the Nuhaššite king to the pharaoh of Egypt,[note 1][3] and the so-called "Niqmaddu Treaty" between Šuppiluliuma I and the Ugaritic king Niqmaddu II.[4] Following his second Syrian foray,[note 2] Šuppiluliuma sent an offer of alliance to the Nuhaššite king; Adad-Nirari rejected, and despite being a vassal of Mitanni, he sent the letter codenamed (EA 51) to ask Egypt for help and troops.[9] Adad-Nirari might have asked Mitanni for help but the latter was unable to send it and it seems that Egypt did not respond as well.[10]

Nuhašše revolted against the Hittites,[11] but Ugarit, which was sent an alliance offer by Šuppiluliuma, eventually accepted the vassalage; Adad-Nirari allied himself with Niya and Mukiš then attacked Ugarit.[12][13] According to Niqmaddu II, the troops of Adad-Nirari and his allies seized the cities of Ugarit, took booty and devastated the land.[4] Thomas Richter believes that the coalition's attack triggered Šuppiluliuma's first Syrian war.[note 3][16] The Hittite king, after receiving an appeal from his Ugaritic vassal, sent an army which defeated the coalition;[13] the fate of Adad-Nirari is unknown as the Hittites make no mention of what happened to him.[17]

Chronological order and identity[edit]

As king of Nuhašše[edit]

There is a great deal of confusion over the identity of Adad-Nirari as king of Nuhašše and his position in the succession of the Nuhaššite monarchs.[17] The Hittite documents mention two kings of Nuhašše in the first Syrian war; in the Niqmaddu treaty, "Adad-Nirari" is mentioned.[17] In the Hittite-Mitannian treaty (the Shattiwaza treaty, concluded during the second Syrian war),[note 4][19] and the treaty between Šuppiluliuma and the Nuhaššite king Tette, "Šarrupši" is mentioned.[17][20] Most scholars agree that the events mentioned in the Niqqmadu and Shattiwaza treaties depict the events of the first Syrian war.[20] Judging by letter (EA 51), Adad-Nirari was the king during the first Syrian war.[21] However, the treaty with Tette makes it clear that Šarrupši was the king when Šuppiluliuma attacked Išuwa,[22] an event which started the first Syrian war as the Shattiwaza treaty shows.[23] Many scholars dealt with the problem and offered different and contradictory opinions:[17]

  • Adad-Nirari preceded Šarrupši: according to Richter, in the beginning of the first Syrian war, the king of Nuhašše was Adad-nirari and Šarrupši was a Hittite protégé put on the throne by Šuppiluliuma.[21] Richter does not explain the Shattiwaza treaty's silence over the fate of Adad-Nirari.[21] Amnon Altman suggested that Šarrupši was a claimant to the throne and the reason for not mentioning the fate of Adad-Nirari in the treaty of Shattiwaza is, according to Altman: "Adad-Nirari was not mentioned, because he managed to escape from the Hittites, and Šuppiluliuma for some reason took it as a disgrace and sign of not full submission of Nuhašše and thus decided not to mention Adad-Nirari in the Šattiwaza treaty at all."[24] Altman himself admits that his answer is inadequate.[21]
  • Šarrupši preceded Adad-Nirari: Trevor R. Bryce considered Šarrupši to have accepted the Hittite vassalage causing Tushratta of Mitanni to kill him; he was succeeded by Adad-Nirari who also belonged to the royal family and was willing to be a vassal of Mitanni.[25] Jacques Freu suggested that the date of the Nuhaššite attack on Ugarit followed the end of the first Syrian war, and took place at the beginning of the six-year war (second Syrian war).[21] Freu's hypothesis have Šarrupši ruling during the first Syrian war, a predecessor of Adad-Nirari.[26]
  • Adad-Nirari and Šarrupši are the same person: Daria Gromova suggested that Adad-Nirari was the Amorite name of the king while Šarrupši was his Hurrian name.[20] This was not a unique situation in the Near East when a ruling class had a foreign ethnic roots which was the case in Nuhašše as the population was West-Semitic while the monarchs had Hurrian names.[20]
  • Adad-Nirari ruled simultaneously with Šarrupši: Horst Klengel suggested this solution but this does not explain why the treaty of Shattiwaza makes no mention of Adad-Nirari who was the main insurgent from Nuhašše.[17]
  • Adad-Nirari interrupted the reign of Šarrupši: also suggested by Klengel who maintained that Adad-Nirari usurped Šarrupši's throne for a short period before being overthrown and Šarrupši reinstated.[17]

As a possible king of Qatna[edit]

The inventories of Qatna mentions a king named Adad-Nirari; Michael Astour suggested identifying the Qatanite king with the Nuhaššite monarch and was followed by Richter,[27] who believes that Adad-Nirari ruled Qatna through a šakkanakku (military governor) called Lullu mentioned in the Qatanite inventories.[27] The hypothesis of Richter presents Adad-Nirari of Nuhašše as the ruler of a vast state, the second Syrian power after Mitanni,[28] who was removed by the Hittites and had his kingdom split into three parts: Nuhašše itself, Qatna and Ugulzat.[16]

The Shattiwaza treaty clearly mentioned Qatna as a different realm from Nuhašše during the first Syrian war; If Qatna was part of the Nuhaššite kingdom, its submission to the Hittites would not have been mentioned separately.[29] Freu rejected Richter's hypothesis; citing different arguments, he concluded that Adad-Nirari of Nuhašše was a contemporary of Idadnda of Qatna, a successor of the Qatanite Adad-Nirari.[30]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The date of the letter is debated;[1] it is not known whether the pharaoh was Amenhotep III or Akhenaten.[2]
  2. ^ The second Syrian foray was supposedly aimed at western Syria but its occurrence is highly debated.[5] Šuppiluliuma I, in his treaty with the Mitannian king Shattiwaza, mentions that he plundered the lands west of the Euphrates (i.e. western Syria) long before his "one year campaign" (which happened after the second Syrian foray),[5] and reached mount Niblani (Lebanon).[6][7] Michael Astour dates the second foray to year eleven of the Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten's reign.[8]
  3. ^ The one year campaign, also known as the first Syrian war,[14] was a direct confrontation between Mitanni and Šuppiluliuma and is given different dates by various scholars; William J. Murnane place it at any point between Akhenaten's 9th and 14th year.[15] A more suitable date would be the beginning of Akhenaten 12th year on the throne.[15]
  4. ^ The second Syrian war, also known as the Hurrian war, was a conflict that lasted six years and brought Syria firmly under the rule of Šuppiluliuma I; it started at least ten years following Akhenaten's death.[18]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Cordani 2013, p. 52.
  2. ^ Gromova 2007, p. 277.
  3. ^ Gromova 2007, p. 280.
  4. ^ a b Gromova 2007, p. 283.
  5. ^ a b Devecchi 2007, p. 213.
  6. ^ Wilhelm 2015, p. 72.
  7. ^ Altman 2004, p. 83.
  8. ^ Astour 1981, p. 19.
  9. ^ Gromova 2007, p. 280, 281.
  10. ^ Gromova 2007, p. 281.
  11. ^ Gromova 2007, p. 290.
  12. ^ Gromova 2007, p. 282.
  13. ^ a b Bryce 1999, p. 179.
  14. ^ Cordani 2011, p. 141.
  15. ^ a b Ladynin & Nemirovski 2010, p. 12.
  16. ^ a b Gromova 2007, p. 301.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Gromova 2007, p. 285.
  18. ^ Bryce 1999, p. 190.
  19. ^ Podany 2010, p. 301.
  20. ^ a b c d Gromova 2007, p. 287.
  21. ^ a b c d e Gromova 2007, p. 286.
  22. ^ Gromova 2007, p. 288.
  23. ^ Cordani 2011, p. 144.
  24. ^ Gromova 2007, p. 285, 286.
  25. ^ Bryce 1999, p. 180.
  26. ^ Freu 2009, p. 17.
  27. ^ a b Gromova 2007, p. 300.
  28. ^ Richter 2008, p. 196.
  29. ^ Gromova 2007, p. 302.
  30. ^ Freu 2009, p. 21.

Sources[edit]

  • Altman, Amnon (2004). The Historical Prologue of the Hittite Vassal Treaties. An Inquiry into the Concepts of Hittite Interstate Law. Bar-Ilan University Press. ISBN 978-9-652-26294-3.
  • Astour, Michael C. (1981). "Ugarit and the Great Powers". In Young, Gordon Douglas (ed.). Ugarit in Retrospect. Fifty years of Ugarit and Ugaritic: Proceedings of the symposium of the same title held at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, February 26, 1979, under the auspices of the Middle West Branch of the American Oriental Society and the Mid-West Region of the Society of Biblical Literature. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-07-2.
  • Bryce, Trevor (1999). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-24010-4.
  • Cordani, Violetta (2011). "Dating the Ascension to the Throne of Šuppiluliuma I". KASKAL. 8. LoGisma Editore. ISBN 978-8-897-53007-7.
  • Cordani, Violetta (2013). "Suppiluliuma in Syria after the First Syrian War: the (Non-)Evidence of the Amarna Letters". In de Martino, Stefano; Miller, Jared L. (eds.). New Results and New Questions on the Reign of Suppiluliuma I. Eothen. Vol. 19. LoGisma Editore. ISBN 978-8-897-53010-7.
  • Devecchi, Elena (2007). "A Fragment of a Treaty with Mukiš". Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici. 49. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)- Istituto di Studi sulle Civiltà dell'Egeo e del Vicino Oriente. ISSN 1126-6651.
  • Freu, Jacques (2009). Al-Maqdissi, Michel (ed.). "Qatna et les Hittites". Studia Orontica (in French). 6. la Direction Générale des Antiquités et des Musées de Syrie. OCLC 717465740.
  • Gromova, Daria (2007). "Hittite Role In Political History of Syria In the Amarna Age Reconsidered". Ugarit-Forschungen. 39. Ugarit-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86835-001-2.
  • Ladynin, Ivan A.; Nemirovski, Alexander A. (2010). "Year 12 of Akhenaten in the Context of the Near Eastern Political and Military History". Cultural Heritage of Egypt and Christian Orient. 5. Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-5-892-82430-9.
  • Podany, Amanda H. (2010). Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-979875-9.
  • Richter, Thomas (2008). "Šuppiluliumas I. in Syrien. Der 'Einjährige Feldzug' und Seine Folgen". In Wilhelm, Gernot (ed.). Ḫattuša-Boğazköy. Das Hethiterreich im Spannungsfeld des Alten Orients. Colloquien der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft. Vol. 6. Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05855-1.
  • Wilhelm, Gernot (2015). Pfälzner, Peter (ed.). "Suppiluliuma and the Decline of the Mittanian Kingdom". Qaṭna Studien Supplementa: Übergreifende und vergleichende Forschungsaktivitäten des Qaṭna-Projekts der Universität Tübingen. 2: Qaṭna and the Networks of Bronze Age Globalism. Proceedings of an International Conference in Stuttgart and Tübingen in October 2009. Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-10350-3. ISSN 2195-4305.
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