Moksha name

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Moksha names are the personal names among people of Moksha language and culture generally consist of a given name, a patronymic, and a family name.

The study of ancient Moksha personal names is a branch of onomastics, the study of names,[1] and more specifically of anthroponomastics, the study of names of persons. There are hundreds of Moksha names on record, making them an important resource for any general study of naming, as well as for the study of Moksha culture itself. The names are found in place names analyzed by experts and evaluated by archaeological findings, epic tales, clan names and modern family names. This article will concentrate on Moksha naming from the 2–5th centuries AD, when the evidence begins, to the end of the 19th century AD.[2][3]

History[edit]

Ancient history[edit]

Ancient Mokshas generally had a single name, often qualified with a patronymic, a clan or tribe, or a place of origin. Married women were identified by the name of their husbands, not their fathers.

Hereditary family names or surnames began to be used by elites in the Khazar, Bolgharian or Muscovy service. Well into the 9th century, they were rare. But by the 11th and 12th centuries, elite families often used family names.

During the Russian period, surnames with Russian suffixes such as "-ov", "-yev","-(k)in", "-(o)vich" became common, first among Tambov, Tula, Penza and Siberian Mokshas. It is not clear when stable family surnames became widely used. Though elite families often had stable family names, many of the "last names" used by Mokshas into the 19th century were either patronymics or nicknames. It is also possible that family names were simply not recorded because Russian administrative practice preferred patronymics, and did not require surnames.[4]

In the 19th century, patronymic surnames became common but still few family names still reflected archaic clan names.

For personal names, from the first century CE until the nineteenth century CE, pagan names from the past were partially replaced by names from Judaic scriptures and tradition. During the Russian Colonisation names of Jewish origin still were popular since they now became Biblical.[5][6]

Family names may be patronymic in origin or else based on occupation, location, or personal characteristic. These origins are often indicated by roots or suffixes. Traditionally a woman used a feminine version of her father's family name, replacing it with a feminine version of her husband's name with suffix – (o/a)räsj (<Moksha: рьвясь, romanized: rvas, lit. 'the wife of') and in documents husband's family name on marriage. In modern time, a woman keeps her father's family name for life until marriage then husband's family name is used.

In official documents in modern Russia, people are given three names: a given name, a patronymic and a family name.

Given names[edit]

Until the late 19th century, many Judaic Mokshas had names from the Torah and later Old and New Testaments. Names from antiquity became less popular.[7]

Male names usually end in -a/-ä, -ai/ei, -u/-iu but sometimes archaic forms in -man, -mas, -for, -as/es/is, -ash/esh/ish are also used. Female names almost always end in -a/ä- and -u/iu, though a few end in -ai with -l, -gä or being possible.

Since ancient times, there has been a strong tradition of naming the first and second sons after the paternal and maternal grandfathers and the first and second daughters after the paternal and maternal grandmothers.[8]

This results in a continuation of names in the family line, but cousins with the same official name are almost always called by different shortened forms or diminutives. The Pagan and Christian have been divided into two lists in Moksha Wikipedia, showing the widespread use of shortened forms in addition to the rarely used formal forms of the official Russian name forms. These lists are understandable even if one doesn't understand Moksha. These variants make it possible to differentiate between cousins despite these traditionally having the same official names because they are traditionally named after their grandparents.

Family names[edit]

Moksha family names are most commonly patronymics but may also be based on occupation, personal characteristics or clan name (Yarman Päta, Pekaren Yaku,[a] Kavalon Serga, [b] Uzer Pavol .[c]

Russian surnames[edit]

People in speaking use the family name followed by the given name, so Osä Cherapon is called Cherapon Osä. In modern practice he is called Russian name Iosif Cherapkin, where Iosif is the Russian form of the formal Joseph and Cherapkin is possessive form from Moksha name Cherapa .[d] The Russian feminine version is usually the genitive of the family name of the woman's father or husband; so, for example, Mr. Shukshin and Mrs. Shukshina.[9] Children usually receive the paternal surname. In official documents, the father's name in the genitive will be inserted between a person's first and last names. For example, if Uchaen Roman has a daughter named Mariu and a son named Andiu, they will be referred to as María Románovna Ucháeva and Andréy Románovich Ucháev. If Mariu then marries Yaku Tumaen, she may retain her original name or choose to be called María Románovna Tumáeva.

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ pekaren 'baker's [son]'
  2. ^ kavalon 'kite's [son]'
  3. ^ Uzer 'Axe'
  4. ^ Russian suffiks -ka (Cherap-ka) was used historically showing contempt to non-Russians

Examples of given names[edit]

Archaic names[edit]

  1. Afkiman, m Афкиман /,ɑfki'mɑn founder of Afkiman [a]
  2. Aguta, f Агута /ɑ'gutɑ/
  3. Akshmakai, f /'ɑkʃmɑkɑi/ Акшмакай [b]
  4. Alai Алай, m /'ɑlɑi/
  5. Alda, f Алда /'ɑldə
  6. Aldal, m Алдал /ɑl'dɑl, founder of Aldal
  7. Aliona, f Алёна /ɑ'lʲɔnɑ/ Elena
  8. Anai, m Анай /'ɑnɑi, founder of Anayu
  9. Arista, m Ариста (/'ɑristə/ [c]
  10. Armai, m Армай /ɑr'mɑi/, founder of Armei velä [d]
  11. Arshu, f Арьшу /ɑ'rʲinɑ/'ɑrʲʃu/ Irina
  12. Artiush, m Артюш /'ɑrʲtʲuʃ/ Ártamis
  13. Aryu, f Арю /'ɑrʲu/ Erekan [e]
  14. Atämas,m Атямаз /,ɑtʲɑ'mɑs/ Atämaz
  15. Ater, m Атерь /'ɑtʲerʲ/, founder of Ater
  16. Atiash, m Атяш /'ɑtʲɑʃ/ founder of Atiash
  17. Atman, m Атман /ɑt'mɑn/ founder of Atmanka
  18. Azrapa, m Азрапа /ɑz'rɑpə/
  19. Bala m Бала /'bɑlɑ/
  20. Burmiza, f Бурмиза /burm'izə/
  21. Dariush/Darshu, f Дарюш/Дарьшу /'dɑrʲuʃ/'dɑrʲʃu/
  22. Donisi, m Дониси /'dɔnʲiʲsi/ Dionysus, God protector of cattle
  23. Dora, f Дора /'dɔrə/
  24. Ekamas, m Екамас /ekɑ'mɑs/ Darya Ekamasova, actress of Moksha descent
  25. Fäka, f Фяка /'fækɑ/ Thekla
  26. Garas, m Гарась /'gɑrɑsʲ/ Gerásimos
  27. Istarta, f Истарта /is'tɑrtə/[10]
  28. Kanor, m Канор /'kɑnər/ Nicanor
  29. Kelgä, m Кельге /'kelʲgæ/ [f]
  30. Kidai, m Кидай /ki'dɑi/, Earth God
  31. Kinyaka, m Киняка /ki'nʲɑkɑ/
  32. Kirdyapa, m Кирдяпа /kirʲ'dʲɑpə/ [g] Vasily Kirdyapa [h]
  33. Kitai, m Китай /ki'tɑi/
  34. Kitsiat, m Кицят /ki'tsʲɑt/
  35. Klema, m Клема /'klʲemə/ Clymenus
  36. Kola /'kolɑ/, Nikolaos
  37. Kolapa, m Колапа /kə'lɑpə/ founder of Kolapa
  38. Kolamas, m Коламаз /,kolɑ'mɑs/ founder of Mokshen Kolamas
  39. Ksniaka, f Ксняка /ks'nʲɑkɑ/
  40. Kulisha, f Кулиша /ku'liʃɑ/
  41. Kulyaga, f Куляга /ku'lʲɑ'gɑ/
  42. Kulyas, m Куляс /ku'lʲɑs/
  43. Kutsäi, m Куцяй /ku'tsʲɑi/
  44. Lesnifor m Леснифор /lʲesʲ'nʲifər/ [i]
  45. Lipifor m Липифор /lʲi'pifər/ [j]
  46. Lituva, f Литува /lʲi'tuwɑ/ Leto [k]
  47. Malemas, m Малемас /mɑlʲe'mɑs/
  48. Maska, m Маска /'mɑskɑ/ founder of Mokshen Maskanä, Oleg Maskaev boxer of Moksha descent
  49. Miyanza, m Миянза /mi'jɑnzə/, [l]
  50. Murai, m Мурай /mu'rɑi/, founder of Murai velä
  51. Nasta/Nastyu, f Наста/Настю /'nɑstə/'nɑstʲu/, Anastasía
  52. Mikefor, m *Микефор /mi'kefər/, Nikephoros
  53. Normal, f Нормаль /'normɑlʲ/ [m]
  54. Oi(ka), m Ой(ка) /'oi(ka)/
  55. Oku, m Оку /'oku/
  56. Ot, m От /'ot/
  57. Osta, m Оста /'ostɑ/
  58. Otsiat, m Оцят /o'tsʲɑt/ founder of Otsyadu
  59. Paranza, m Паранза /'pɑrɑnzɑ/ [n]
  60. Polyap, m Поляп /po'lʲɑp/ Philip [o]
  61. Polda, m Полда /'bɔldə/, founder of Boldu [p]
  62. Poldia, m Польдя /'pɔlʲdʲɑ/, founder of Poldiaz
  63. Poshapa/Poshat,m Пошапа/Пошат /pə'ʃɑpə/pə'ʃɑt/, founder of Poshadu velä
  64. Pozai, m Позай /'pɔzɑi/ [q]
  65. Puresh, m Пуреш /pə'reʃ/ ,[r] Kanazor of Moxel
  66. Saitsä, m Сайце /'sɑjtsæ/
  67. Salkai, m Салкай /'sɑlkɑi/
  68. Samila m Самила /sɑ'milə/
  69. Samka m Самка /'sɑmkə/
  70. Sandor, m Сандор /'sɑndər/ Alexander
  71. Sandra, f Сандра /'sɑndrə/ Alexándra
  72. Sazan, m Сазан /sɑ'zɑn/ Sozon, founder of Od Sazan
  73. Selik, m Селик /se'lʲik/,[11][s] founder of Seliksa [t]
  74. Shongor, f /'ʃɔngər/, f rune singer from Vechkänä
  75. Sofa, f Софа /'sofɑ/, Sofia
  76. Syumerjgä, f Сюмерьге /'sʲumerʲgæ/
  77. Tetingei, m Тетингей /'tʲetʲingei/ founder of Tetingei [u]
  78. Tsiftomas, m Цифтомас /,tsiftə'mɑs/
  79. Tolku, m Толку /'tolku/, founder of Od Tolku
  80. Tiushtia, m Тюштя /'tʲuʃtʲɑ/
  81. Uskai, m Ускай /us'kɑi/
  82. Valgapa, m Валгапа /vəl'gɑpə/
  83. Vasalgä/Vasonä, f Васальге/Васоня /'vɑsɑlʲgæ/'vɑsənʲæ/ Basílissa
  84. Vechkan/Vechkinza, m Вечкан/Вечкинза /vətʃ'kɑn/'vetʃkinzɑ/ founder of Vechkänä
  85. Veka, m Века /'vekɑ/ [v]
  86. Velmai, m Вельмай /velʲ'mɑi/ [w]
  87. Virias, m Виряс /vi'rʲɑs/ [x]
  88. Yan/Yanka, m Янь/Янька /'jɑnʲ/'jɑnʲkə/ Iánthē
  89. Yana,f Яна /'jɑnə/
  90. Yavsei, m Явсей /'jɑvsʲei/ Eusébios
  91. Yefima, m Ефима /e'fimə/ Efthýmios
  92. Yermila, m Ермила /jer'milə/ Hermólāos
  93. Yon, m Йон /'jon/, Ion
  94. Zinä, m Зине /'zʲinʲæ/

[12][13]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ first record in 1538
  2. ^ lit.: White poppy, might be from Ancient Greek Doric μά̄κων /mā́kōn/ ‘opium poppy’
  3. ^ recorded in 1637, Keramsurka village
  4. ^ first record in 1869
  5. ^ name of Ηρέκαν (Erekan), Moksha: ару, romanized: aru, lit. 'clean' Hungarian Réka
  6. ^ lit.:loved one
  7. ^ in Moksha lit.: patient or cautios, the latter is more precise reflecting the older meaning
  8. ^ ancestor of the senior branch of a Rurikid noble family, and the Princes Shuysky
  9. ^ *Λησσνιφόρος, not attested in scholarly sources
  10. ^ *Λυπηφόρος lit. Bringing sadness', not attested in Greek scholarly sources
  11. ^ Lētóā Doric→ /liˈto/
  12. ^ lit. Beaver
  13. ^ lit. meadow strawbery
  14. ^ Moksha: пара, romanized: para, lit. 'good'
  15. ^ first recorded in 1637
  16. ^ first record 1614
  17. ^ lit.: poza brewing time born
  18. ^ lit.: pureh brewing time born
  19. ^ probably from Σέλευκος
  20. ^ archaeologically the city foundation time ca 100 AD
  21. ^ recorded in 1696
  22. ^ lit.:night born
  23. ^ lit.:reborn
  24. ^ lit.:forest born

Hebrew and biblical names[edit]

  1. Abra, m Абра /'ɑbrɑ/, Abraham [a]
  2. Adam, m Адам /'ɑdəm/ [b]
  3. Aksä, f Акся /'ɑksʲæ/, Xenia
  4. Älgä, m Эльгя /'ælʲgæ/, Elijah
  5. Andiu/Andiama, m Андю/Андяма /'ɑnʲdʲu/ɑnʲ'dʲɑmə/
  6. Aniu, f Аню /'ɑnʲu/, Anna
  7. Arina, f Арина /ɑ'rʲinɑ, Irene
  8. Aron, m /'ɑrən/, Aaron
  9. Dania, m /'dɑnʲɑ/, Daniel
  10. Daud, m Дауд /dɑ'ud/, David, founder of Daud vele
  11. Doma(sha), f Дома(ша) /'dɔmɑ, də'mɑʃɑ/, Domna
  12. Dora/Dorka Дора/Дорка /'dɔrə/'dɔrkɑ/, Dora
  13. Fadei, m Фадей /fɑ'dʲej/, Thaddeus
  14. Foka, m Фока /'fɔkɑ/, Phōkâs
  15. Foma, m Фома /fə'mɑ/, Thomas
  16. Gavdai, m Гавдай /'gɑvdɑi/
  17. Iga, m /'igɑ/, Ignátios
  18. Inä Ине /'inʲæ/, Eugenia
  19. Kandra, m Кандра /'kɑndrɑ/, Codratus
  20. Kanor, m Канор /'kɑnər/ Nicanor
  21. Katernä/Katrä, f Катерня/Катря /'kɑtʲerʲnʲæ/'kɑtrʲæ/, Katherine
  22. Kavrä, m Кавре /'kavrʲæ/, Gabriel
  23. Klema, m Клема /'klʲemɑ/, Clement
  24. Kola, m Кола /'kɔlɑ/, Nicolas
  25. Kotya, m Котя /'kɔtʲɑ/, Nicodemus
  26. Krila, m Крила /'krilɑ/, Cyril
  27. Lasei, m *Ласи /'lɑsʲi/ Blaise
  28. Lazur, m Лазур /'lɑzur/, Lazarus
  29. Lepa, m Лепа /'lʲepɑ/
  30. Lisa, f Лиса /'lʲisə/, Elizabeth
  31. Luka f Лука /'lukə/
  32. Malafei, m Малафей /mə'lɑfei/, Malachi
  33. Malka Малка /'mɑlkɑ/ [c]
  34. Mardei, f Мардей /'mɑrʲdʲei/
  35. Maryu, f Марю /'mɑrʲu/, Mariam
  36. Marka, m Марка /'mɑrkɑ/ , Mark
  37. Marfa, f Марфа /'mɑrfɑ/ Martha
  38. Matfei, m Матьфей /mətʲ'fej/, Matthew
  39. Mika, m Мика /'mika/ Micah [d]
  40. Mikla, m Микла /'mikla/
  41. Minus, m Минус /'minəs/
  42. Mihaiila, m Михайила /mixɑi'ilɑ/ , Michael
  43. Mihei, m Михей /mi'xei/ , Micaiah [e]
  44. Miketa, m Микета /mi'ketɑ/, Nicetas
  45. Moka, m Мока /'mɔkɑ/, Mocius
  46. Mokshai, m Мокшай /'mokʃɑi/ Moxius
  47. Mordukai, m *Мордукай /mərdu'kɑi/, [f] Mordecai
  48. Mosha, m Моша /'mɔʃɑ/, Moses
  49. Nadyu, f Надю /'nɑdʲu/
  50. Narchat/Naricha, f Нарчат/Нарича /nɑr'tʃɑt/'nɑrʲitʃɑ/, Queen of Moxel
  51. Navum, f Навум /'nɑvum/, Nahum
  52. Osä, m Ося /'ɔsʲæ/, Joseph
  53. Palaga, f Палага /'pɑlɑgɑ/ Pelagia
  54. Päta, m Пята /pæ'tɑ/, Peter
  55. Pavol, m Павол /'pɑvəl/, Paul
  56. Polad, m Полад /pə'lɑt/ [g]
  57. Radu(sha), m Раду(ша) /rə'duʃə/
  58. Rast, m Раст /rɑst/, Tümen Prince, founder of Rast dynasty
  59. Riba, m Риба /'rʲibə/
  60. Rizai, m Ризай /rʲi'zɑi/
  61. Rusä, m Руся /'rusʲæ/
  62. Saiiä, m Сайя /'sɑijæ/, Isaiah
  63. Sakai, m Сакай /sɑ'kɑi/, Isaac, founder of Sakayevo [h]
  64. Salonä, f Салоня /'sɑlənʲæ/, Salome
  65. Sara(i), m Сара(й) /'sɑrɑ(i)/
  66. Sekla, f Секла /'sʲeklɑ/
  67. Semyä, m Семъя /'sʲemjæ/, Simeon
  68. Serga, m Серьга /sʲerʲ'gɑ/, Serge
  69. Sila, m Сила /'sʲilə/, Sila
  70. Siuriandiei, m Сюряндей /sʲurʲɘnʲ'dʲei/
  71. Sofa, f Софа /'sofɑ/, Sofia
  72. Soltan, m Солтан /'sɔltən/, Earth God [i]
  73. Tair, m Таир /tɑ'ir/, Taher [j]
  74. Tama,f Тама /'tɑmə/ [k], Tamara
  75. Trafa, m Трафа /'trɑfɑ/, Trophimus
  76. Ulita, f Улита /u'lʲitɑ/
  77. Vara, f /'vɑrə/, Barbara
  78. Vasil, m Василь /'vɑsʲilʲ/
  79. Vera, f Вера /verɑ/, Vera
  80. Yäfrim, m Яфрим /'jæfrʲim/, Ephraim
  81. Yagor, m Ягор /'jɑgər/, George
  82. Yakim, m Яким /'jɑkim/, Joachim
  83. Yaku, m Яку /'jɑku/, Jacob
  84. Yarma, m Ярма /'jɑrmɑ/, Jeremiah
  85. Yavsei, m Явсей /jɑv'sei/, Eusebius
  86. Yefiut, m Ефют /je'fjut/
  87. Yesha, f Еша /'jeʃɑ/, female of Isaiah
  88. Yon(ka), m Йон(ка) /'jɔn(kɑ)/, Jonah
  89. Yosha, m Йоша /'jɔʃɑ/, Joshua
  90. Yuda, m Йуда /'judɑ/, Judah
  91. Yuha, m Юха /'juxɑ/, John
  92. Yuvan, m Юван, /'juvɑn/, Evan
  93. Zafar, m Зафар /zə'fɑrʲ/, Zechariah

[14][15]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Biblical Hebrew IPA/ʔabraːˈhaːm/
  2. ^ אדם Biblical Hebrew IPA(key) /ʔɔːˈðɔːm/
  3. ^ lit. Hebrew Malka 'Queen'
  4. ^ Mihei Micaiah and Mika Micah prophets' names in Russian are not distinguished, both names are Mikhey and Mikhey (son of Imla
  5. ^ Mihei Micaiah and Mika Micah prophets' names in Russian are not distinguished, both names are Mikhey and Mikhey (son of Imla
  6. ^ Erzya Murdakai, Lat. Morducani /,mordu'kɑj/
  7. ^ Persian Jewish پولاد (Pôlâd, lit. “steel”)
  8. ^ mentioned in 1689 as the owner of the village of Mordvin faith
  9. ^ corresponds to Hungarian Zoltán
  10. ^ Persian Jewish اهر(Ṭāhir)
  11. ^ Probably Knaanic תמר /tamár/

Gothic names[edit]

  1. Nava, m Нава /'nɑvɑ/, Noah [a][16][17]
  2. Stiratӓ, m Стырятя /'sti'rʲɑtʲæ/ [b][18][19]
  3. Yevga, f Евга /'jevgə/, Eve[20][21][c]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ from Anglo-Saxon *Nowa<Hebrew נֹחַn(óakh), nṓaḥ
  2. ^ from Anglo-Saxon styran and Moksha: атя, romanized: atӓ, lit. 'elder' Styr-atӓ (lit.:steerman)
  3. ^ from Anglo-Saxon *Iawa<Hebrew חַוָּה/ḥawwā

Muslim names[edit]

  1. Ahmad, m m Ахмад /ɑx'mɑt/, Emir of Volga Bulgaria[22] [a]
  2. Araslan
  3. Bazan, m Базан /bɑ'zɑn/[23] [b]
  4. Beibars, m Бейбарс Prince from Rast Dynasty
  5. Biliar
  6. Islam
  7. Jaulat, f Джаулат [c]
  8. Kasim
  9. Kulaa, m Кулаа Prince from Rast Dynasty
  10. Mamai
  11. Mumin, m Мумин[24] [d]
  12. Yanbars, m Янбарс Prince from Rast Dynasty

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Ahmad Haji, son of Mumin Kuyak, son of Muhshi Bazan al-Bulgari, Bolghar epitaphy inscription
  2. ^ Ahmad Haji, son of Mumin Kuyak, son of Muhshi Bazan al-Bulgari, Bolghar epitaphy inscription
  3. ^ Bolghar epitaphy inscription
  4. ^ Ahmad Haji, son of Mumin Kuyak, son of Muhshi Bazan al-Bulgari, Bolghar epitaphy inscription

Examples of family names[edit]

Common suffixes[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Inzhevatov, Nikonov & Tsygankin 1987
  2. ^ Lyubavsky 2022
  3. ^ Maticsák 2005, pp. 65–85
  4. ^ Mokshin 1991
  5. ^ Mokshin 1991
  6. ^ Mokshin 2012
  7. ^ Mokshin 2012
  8. ^ Mokshin 1991
  9. ^ Mokshin 1991
  10. ^ Mordvinic names used by speakers of Erzya and Moksha languages
  11. ^ Polesskikh M.R. Mordva [Moksha] Gravefields in Penza Oblast. Soviet Archaeology, Issue 4, 1959
  12. ^ Paasonen 1996
  13. ^ Inzhevatov, Nikonov & Tsygankin 1987
  14. ^ Paasonen 1996
  15. ^ Inzhevatov, Nikonov & Tsygankin 1987
  16. ^ Stetsyuk 2022
  17. ^ Provyn 2019
  18. ^ Stetsyuk 2022
  19. ^ Provyn 2019
  20. ^ Stetsyuk 2022
  21. ^ Provyn 2019
  22. ^ Mukhametshin 2008, p. 43
  23. ^ Mukhametshin 2008, p. 43
  24. ^ Mukhametshin 2008, p. 43

Sources[edit]

  • Paasonen, Heikki (1996). Mordwinisches Wörterbuch Helsinki, Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, 1990–1996 [Heikki Paasonen; Kaino Heikkilä; Hans-Hermann Bartens; A P Feoktistov; G I Ermushkin; Martti Kahla. H. Paasonens Mordwinisches Wörterbuch] (in German).
  • Inzhevatov, Ivan; Nikonov, Vladimir; Tsygankin, Dmitry, eds. (1987) [First published 1969]. Toponymic Dictionary Of Mordvin Autonomous Republic. Mordovian Book Publishing.
  • Mokshin, N.F. (1991). Mysteries of Mordvinic Names: Historical Onomasticon of Mordvinic people (in Russian). Cordovan Publishing. ISBN 575950634X.
  • Mokshin, Nikolay (2012), "At Sources Of The Mordovian-Jewish Ethnocultural Ties", Social and Political Science (in Russian) (4): 6–8
  • Lyubavsky, Matvei (2022). Historical Geography of Russia In The View of Colonisation (in Russian). Litres. ISBN 978-5044121287.
  • Mukhametshin, D.G. (2008). "Tatar Epigraphic Monuments. Regional Pecularities and Ethnocultural Varieties" (PDF). Euroasian Steppes Archaeology (in Russian) (6). Kazan: Mardzhani Institute of History. Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan.

External links[edit]

Further reading[edit]

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